ʻO ka dissonance ikaika loa
He aha ka dissonance? Ma nā'ōlelo maʻalahi, he hui likeʻole,ʻoluʻoluʻole o nā kani likeʻole. No ke aha i loaʻa ai nā hui like ʻana ma waena o nā wā a me nā chord? No hea mai lākou a no ke aha lākou e pono ai?
Huakai o Odysseus
E like me kā mākou i ʻike ai ma ka moʻolelo mua, i ka wā kahiko, ua lanakila ka Pythagorean system. I loko o ia mea, loaʻa nā leo āpau o ka ʻōnaehana ma ka puʻunaue wale ʻana i ke kaula i 2 a i ʻole 3 mau ʻāpana like. Hoʻololi wale ka halving i ke kani ma kahi octave. Akā ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ʻekolu e ala mai i nā memo hou.
He nīnau kūpono: i ka manawa hea mākou e hoʻōki ai i kēia māhele? Mai kēlā me kēia memo hou, e puʻunaue ana i ke kaula me 3, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa i kekahi. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa nā leo 1000 a i ʻole 100000 i ka ʻōnaehana mele. Ma hea mākou e kū ai?
I ka wā i hoʻi ai ʻo Odysseus, ka mea koa o kahi mele Helene kahiko, i kāna Ithaca, ua nui nā pilikia e kali ana iā ia ma ke ala. Hoʻopaneʻe kēlā me kēia o lākou i kāna huakaʻi a ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana.
Ma ke ala i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mele, aia kekahi mau pilikia. No kekahi manawa ua hoʻolohi lākou i ke ʻano o ka puka ʻana o nā memo hou, a laila ua lanakila lākou a holo aku, kahi i loaʻa ai ke keʻakeʻa hou. He dissonance kēia mau pale.
E ho'āʻo kākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka dissonance.
Hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa ka wehewehe kikoʻī o kēia ʻano ke hoʻomaopopo mākou i ke ʻano kino o ke kani. Akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻole pono mākou i ka pololei, ua lawa iā mākou e wehewehe i nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi.
No laila, he kaula kā mākou. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale iā ia i 2 a i ʻole 3 ʻāpana. No laila, loaʻa iā mākou ka octave a me ka duodecim. ʻOi aku ka leo o ka octave i ka consonant, a maopopo kēia - ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mahele ʻana i ka 2 ma mua o ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka 3. I ka huli ʻana, e kani ke kani ʻana o kahi duodecima ma mua o ke kaula i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻāpana 5 (e hāʻawi ʻia kēlā mahele i ke kolu ma hope o ʻelua octaves). no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka puʻunaue me 3, ma mua o ka puʻunaue ʻana me 5.
I kēia manawa, e hoʻomanaʻo kākou pehea, no ka laʻana, ua kūkulu ʻia ka hapalima. Hoʻokaʻawale mākou i ke kaula i 3 mau ʻāpana, a laila hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o ka hopena i 2 mau manawa (Fig 1).
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hapalima, pono mākou e lawe ʻaʻole hoʻokahi, akā ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu, a no laila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻelima ma mua o ka octave a i ʻole duodecime. Me kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu, ʻike mākou e neʻe hou aʻe mai ka memo kumu.
Hiki iā mākou ke hana i kahi lula maʻalahi no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka consonance:
ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻanuʻu a mākou e hana ai, a ʻo ka maʻalahi o kēia mau ʻanuʻu iā lākou iho, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka consonant o ka wā.
E hoʻi kāua i ke kūkulu ʻana.
No laila, ua koho ka poʻe i ke kani mua (no ka ʻoluʻolu, e manaʻo mākou ʻo kēia i, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i kapa ʻia e nā Helene kahiko) a hoʻomaka lākou e kūkulu i nā memo ʻē aʻe ma ka puʻunaue a hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o ke kaula me 3.
Ua loaʻa mua ʻelua leo, kahi i i ʻo nā mea kokoke loa F и paʻakai (kiʻi 2). Salt loaʻa inā hoʻemi ʻia ka lōʻihi o ke kaula e 3 manawa, a F - ma kahi ʻē, inā hoʻonui ʻia e 3 mau manawa.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka π index ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā memo o ka ʻōnaehana Pythagorean.
Inā hoʻoneʻe ʻoe i kēia mau memo i ka octave hoʻokahi kahi i loaʻa ai ka memo i, a laila e kapa ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma mua o lākou he hā (do-fa) a me ka hapalima (do-sol). ʻO kēia mau mea ʻelua kamahaʻo loa. I ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka ʻōnaehana Pythagorean i ke ʻano maoli, i ka manawa i hoʻololi ʻia nā manawa āpau, ʻaʻole i loli ke kūkulu ʻana o ka hā a me ka lima. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke tonality i hele me ke komo pololei loa o kēia mau memo, aia ma luna o lākou i kūkulu ʻia ai ka mana a me ka subdominant. Ua lilo kēia mau manawa i consonant a ua lanakila lākou i ke mele a hiki i ke au o ka romanticism, a ma hope o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi.
Akā, haʻalele mākou i nā dissonances. ʻAʻole i pau ke kūkulu ʻana i kēia mau memo ʻekolu. Ua hoʻomau ʻia ʻo Sruna e māhele ʻia i 3 mau ʻāpana a me ka duodecyma ma hope o ka duodecyma e loaʻa i nā leo hou a me nā leo hou.
Ua ala mai ka keakea mua ma ka pae elima, i ka wa i (memo kumu) re, fa, sol, la hoʻohui ʻia ka memo E (kiʻi 3).
Ma waena o nā memo E и F Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka poʻe o ia manawa. He kekona liʻiliʻi kēia wā.
ʻElua mi-fa liʻiliʻi - harmonic
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I ka hui ʻana i kēia wā, ua hoʻoholo mākou i ka mea e hoʻokomo E ʻAʻole pono ka ʻōnaehana, pono ʻoe e kū ma 5 memo. No laila ua lilo ka ʻōnaehana mua i 5-note, ua kapa ʻia pentatonika. ʻO nā manawa āpau i loko o ia mea he consonant loa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka unahi pentatonic i nā mele ʻōiwi. I kekahi manawa, ma ke ʻano he pena kūikawā, aia nō ia i loko o nā mea kahiko.
I ka wā lōʻihi, ua maʻa ka poʻe i ke kani o kahi kekona liʻiliʻi a ʻike ʻoe inā ʻoe e hoʻohana maʻalahi a i ke kiko, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke ola me ia. A ʻo ke keʻakeʻa hou aʻe ʻo ka pae helu 7 (Fig. 4).
ʻO ka memo hou i hoʻohuli ʻia i ka dissonant a ua hoʻoholo lākou ʻaʻole e hāʻawi i kona inoa ponoʻī, akā ua kapa ʻia F koi (hōʻailona f#). ʻOi maoli a ʻo ia hoʻi ka wā i hana ʻia ma waena o kēia mau memo ʻelua: F и F koi. Ua like ia me kēia:
He harmonic ka waena F a me F-koi
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Inā ʻaʻole mākou e hele "ma mua o ka koi", a laila loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻōnaehana 7-note - diatonic. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana mele kahiko a me kēia manawa he 7-step, ʻo ia hoʻi, loaʻa iā lākou ka diatonic Pythagorean ma kēia ʻano.
ʻOiai ke koʻikoʻi nui o ka diatonicism, ua holo ʻo Odysseus. Ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana i ka pilikia ma ke ʻano o kahi koi, ʻike ʻo ia i kahi ākea kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke paʻi i nā memo he 12 i loko o ka ʻōnaehana. Akā ua hoʻokumu ka 13 i kahi dissonance weliweli - Pythagorean comm.
Koma Pythagorean
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Hiki paha iā mākou ke ʻōlelo ʻo Scylla ka koma a ua ʻōwili ʻia ʻo Charybdis i hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole i hala nā makahiki a i ʻole mau keneturi e lanakila ai i kēia pilikia. ʻElua mau makahiki wale nō ma hope, i ka 12th century AD, ua huli koʻikoʻi nā mea hoʻokani pila i nā ʻōnaehana microchromatic, aia ma mua o XNUMX mau memo. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i loko o kēia mau keneturi, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka e hoʻohui i kekahi mau leo hou i ka octave, akā naʻe, ua makaʻu loa kēia mau hoʻāʻo ʻana, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke kamaʻilio i kā lākou kōkua nui i ka moʻomeheu mele.
Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hoʻāʻo o ke kenekulia XNUMX? Ua komo nā ʻōnaehana microchromatic i ka hoʻohana mele? E hoʻi kākou i kēia nīnau, akā ma mua o kēlā, e noʻonoʻo mākou i kekahi mau dissonances, ʻaʻole mai ka ʻōnaehana Pythagorean.
iliohae a me diabolo
I ko mākou ʻōlelo ʻana i nā wā dissonant mai ka ʻōnaehana Pythagorean, ua maalea iki mākou. ʻO ia hoʻi, he kekona liʻiliʻi a he ʻoi, akā ʻokoʻa iki ko lākou lohe ʻana.
ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mele o ka wā kahiko ka mea nui o kahi hale kūʻai monodic. ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, hoʻokahi wale nō leo i kani i ka manawa, a ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ke kūpaʻa - ka hui like ʻana o kekahi mau leo. No laila, lohe ka poʻe aloha mele kahiko i ke kekona liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻoi oi e like me kēia:
Minor lua mi-fa – melodic
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Semitone F a me F koi – melodic
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Akā me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka vertical, harmonic (vertical) intervals, me nā dissonant, kani i ka piha.
Pono e kapa ʻia ka mea mua ma kēia moʻo triton.
ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka tritone
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Kapa ʻia ʻo ia he tritone, ʻaʻole no ka mea he amphibian kona ʻano, akā, no ka mea, ʻekolu mau leo holoʻokoʻa mai ka leo haʻahaʻa a hiki i ka leo o luna (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻeono semitones, ʻeono kī piano). ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ma ka Latin ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he tritonus.
Hiki ke kūkulu ʻia kēia kikowaena ma ka ʻōnaehana Pythagorean a ma ke ʻano maoli. A ma ʻaneʻi a ma ʻaneʻi e kani dissonant.
No ke kūkulu ʻana iā ia ma ka ʻōnaehana Pythagorean, pono ʻoe e puʻunaue i ke kaula i 3 ʻāpana i 6 manawa, a laila pāpālua i ka lōʻihi o ka hopena i 10 mau manawa. ʻIke ʻia e hōʻike ʻia ka lōʻihi o ke kaula ma ke ʻano he hakina 729/1024. ʻAʻole pono e ʻōlelo, me nā ʻanuʻu he nui, ʻaʻohe pono e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka consonance.
Ma ke kani kūlohelohe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana. Hiki ke loaʻa kahi tritone maoli penei: e puʻunaue i ka lōʻihi o ke kaula me 3 ʻelua (ʻo ia hoʻi, e puʻunaue i ka 9), a laila e puʻunaue i kekahi 5 (puʻunaue a pau i 45 mau ʻāpana), a laila pāpālua i 5 manawa. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kaula he 32/45, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohiki i ka consonance.
Wahi a nā lono i ka Middle Ages, ua kapa ʻia kēia wā ʻo "ka diabolo i ke mele."
Akā, ua lilo kekahi consonance i mea nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke mele - ʻīlio hae lima.
ʻO Wolf Quint
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No hea mai kēia wā? No ke aha e pono ai?
Inā mākou e paʻi i nā kani i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana kūlohelohe mai kahi memo i. He palapala kona re ʻike ʻia inā e puʻunaue mākou i ka rune i 3 mau ʻāpana ʻelua (e lawe mākou i ʻelua mau wāwae duodecimal i mua). He leka A hana ʻokoʻa iki: no ka loaʻa ʻana, pono mākou e hoʻonui i ke kaula i 3 mau manawa (e hoʻi i hoʻokahi kapuaʻi ma hope o nā duodecims), a laila e puʻunaue i ka lōʻihi o ke kaula i 5 mau ʻāpana (ʻo ia hoʻi, e lawe i ke kolu maoli, ʻaʻole wale. aia ma ka ʻōnaehana Pythagorean). ʻO ka hopena, ma waena o nā lōʻihi o nā kaula o nā memo re и A ʻAʻole loaʻa iā mākou kahi lakio maʻalahi o 2/3 (maʻemaʻe ʻelima), akā he lakio o 40/27 (wolf fifth). E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai mai ka pilina, ʻaʻole hiki ke consonance kēia consonance.
No ke aha mākou e lawe ʻole ai i kahi leka A, he hapalima maemae ia o re? ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, e loaʻa iā mākou ʻelua memo A - "quint from re" a me ka "kūlohelohe". Akā me ka "quint" A e loaʻa nā pilikia like me re - pono ʻo ia i kāna ʻelima, a loaʻa iā mākou ʻelua mau memo E.
A ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia hana. Ma kahi o hoʻokahi poʻo o ka hydra, ʻike ʻia ʻelua. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i hoʻokahi pilikia, hana mākou i mea hou.
ʻO ka hoʻonā i ka pilikia o ka wolf fifths ua lilo i radical. Ua hana lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana like ʻole, kahi o ka "lima" A a ua hoʻololi ʻia ka "kūlohelohe" e hoʻokahi memo - hoʻonāukiuki A, ka mea i hāʻawi iki i waho o ke kani me nā memo ʻē aʻe a pau, akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke kani ʻole, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e like me ka ʻīlio hae.
No laila, ʻo ka ʻīlio hae ʻelima, e like me ka ʻīlio hae kai ʻike, alakaʻi i ka moku mele i nā kahakai i manaʻo ʻole ʻia - kahi ʻōnaehana kūlike.
He Moolelo Pokole no na Dissonances
He aha ka moʻolelo pōkole o dissonance e aʻo mai ai iā mākou? He aha ka ʻike e hiki ke kiʻi ʻia mai kahi huakaʻi o kekahi mau kenekulia?
- ʻO ka mea mua, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole i emi iki nā dissonances i ka mōʻaukala o nā mele ma mua o nā consonances. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou makemake a hakakā pū me lākou, ʻo lākou ka mea i hāʻawi pinepine i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka puka ʻana o nā kuhikuhi mele hou, i lilo i mea hoʻoikaika no nā ʻike i manaʻo ʻole ʻia.
- ʻO ka lua, hiki ke loaʻa kahi ʻano hoihoi. Me ka ulu ʻana o ke mele, aʻo ka poʻe i ka lohe ʻana i ka consonance i nā hui pū ʻana o nā kani.
He liʻiliʻi ka poʻe i kēia manawa e noʻonoʻo i kahi kekona liʻiliʻi e like me ka wā dissonant, ʻoi aku hoʻi i kahi hoʻonohonoho melodic. Akā ʻelua a me ka hapa tausani makahiki i hala aku nei pēlā. A ua komo ka triton i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mele, ua kūkulu ʻia nā hana mele he nui, ʻoiai i nā mele kaulana, me ke komo nui ʻana o ka tritone.
No ka laʻana, hoʻomaka ka haku mele me nā tritones ʻO Jimi Hendrix Purple Haze:
Me ka liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā dissonances e neʻe i ka ʻāpana o "ʻaʻole i like me nā dissonances" a i ʻole "kokoke consonances". ʻAʻole ia he ʻano ʻino ko mākou lohe ʻana, a ʻaʻole mākou i lohe i ke kani ʻana o ia mau manawa a me nā puʻupuʻu he ʻoʻoleʻa a hoʻopailua paha. ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke ulu nei kā mākou ʻike mele, a hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka hana ʻana i nā hana multi-step he mea maʻamau, kupaianaha a hoihoi i ko lākou ala ponoʻī.
Aia nā mea hoʻokani i ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻelima a i ʻole nā koma i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala, e mālama lākou iā lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻano mea paʻakikī hiki iā ʻoe ke hana pū me ka hana ʻana i nā mele paʻakikī a me nā mele kumu.
Mea kākau – Roman Oleinikov Nā leo leo – ʻO Ivan Soshinsky
