Tommaso Albinoni (Tomaso Albinoni) |

Thomas Albinoni

He mau mea ʻike wale nō i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ke ola o T. Albinoni, he mea hoʻokani pila a haku mele ʻItalia. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Venice i loko o kahi ʻohana burgher waiwai a, ʻoiai, hiki iā ia ke aʻo mālie i nā mele, ʻaʻole hopohopo nui i kāna kūlana kālā. Mai ka makahiki 1711, ua ho'ōki 'o ia i ka ho'opa'a inoa 'ana i kāna mau mele "Venetian dilettante" (delettanta venete) a kapa 'o ia iā ia iho he musico de violino, a laila e ho'oikaika ana i kona ho'ololi 'ana i ke kūlana o ka 'oihana. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kahi a me wai i aʻo ai ʻo Albinoni. Ua manaoia o J. Legrenzi. Ma hope o kāna male ʻana, ua neʻe ka haku mele i Verona. ʻIke ʻia, no kekahi manawa ua noho ʻo ia ma Florence - ma ka liʻiliʻi ma laila, i ka makahiki 1703, ua hoʻokani ʻia kekahi o kāna mau keaka (Griselda, ma ka libre. A. Zeno). Ua kipa aku ʻo Albinoni iā ​​Kelemānia a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻo ia iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he haku koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hanohano o ke kākau ʻana a me ka hoʻokani ʻana ma Munich (1722) i kahi opera no ka male ʻana o Prince Charles Albert.

ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike hou ʻia e pili ana iā Albinoni, koe wale nō kona make ʻana ma Venice.

He kakaikahi ka nui o na hana a ka mea haku mele i hiki mai i o kakou nei - ka nui o na mea kani a me na sonata. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea hou o A. Vivaldi, JS Bach a me GF Handel, ʻaʻole i noho ʻo Albinoni ma ka papa o nā haku mele nona nā inoa i ʻike ʻia e nā mea kākau moʻolelo mele wale nō. I ka wā kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kani Italia o ka Baroque, e kū'ē i ke kua o ka hana a nā haku mele koʻikoʻi o ka XNUMXth - ka hapa mua o nā kenekulia XNUMX. - T. Martini, F. Veracini, G. Tartini, A. Corelli, G. Torelli, A. Vivaldi a me nā mea ʻē aʻe - Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Albinoni i kāna huaʻōlelo noʻeau koʻikoʻi, i ʻike ʻia a mahalo ʻia e nā mamo.

Hoʻokani nui ʻia nā concerto a Albinoni a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā moʻolelo. Akā aia nā hōʻike o ka ʻike ʻana i kāna hana i kona wā e ola ana. I ka makahiki 1718, ua paʻi ʻia kahi hōʻiliʻili ma Amsterdam, kahi i hui pū ʻia me 12 concerto e nā mea haku mele kaulana loa o Italia o ia manawa. Aia ma waena o lākou ka concerto a Albinoni ma G major, ka mea maikaʻi loa o kēia hōʻiliʻili. ʻO ka mea nui ʻo Bach, nāna i aʻo pono i nā mele o kona mau lā, ua koho ʻo ia i nā sonata a Albinoni, ka nani plastik o kā lākou mau mele, a kākau ʻo ia i kāna clavier fugues ma luna o ʻelua o lākou. Ua mālama pū ʻia nā hōʻike i hana ʻia e ka lima o Bach a me 6 sonata na Albinoni (op. 6). No laila, ua aʻo ʻo Bach mai nā haku mele a Albinoni.

Ua ʻike mākou i 9 opuses o Albinoni - ma waena o lākou nā pōʻai o trio sonatas (op. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8) a me nā pōʻai o "symphonies" a me nā concerto (op. 2, 5, 7, 9). Ke hoʻomohala nei i ke ʻano o ka concerto grosso i hoʻomohala ʻia me Corelli a me Torelli, loaʻa iā Albinoni ka maikaʻi o ke kiʻi kiʻi i loko o ia mea - ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka tutti a i ka solo (ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau iā 3), ma ke mele maikaʻi loa, ka maʻemaʻe hanohano o ke ʻano. Nā ʻaha mele op. 7 a op. ʻO 9, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea he oboe (op. 7 nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11), i ʻike ʻia e ka nani melodic kūikawā o ka ʻāpana solo. Ua kapa pinepine ʻia lākou he concerto oboe.

I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā concerto a Vivaldi, kā lākou ākea, nā ʻāpana virtuosic maikaʻi loa, nā ʻokoʻa, nā dynamics a me nā makemake, kū nā concerto a Albinoni no ko lākou paʻa paʻa ʻana, ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻana o ka lole orchestral, melodism, ka haku o ka ʻenehana contrapuntal (no laila ka manaʻo o Bach iā lākou) a ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻo ia ka ʻike maopopo ʻia o nā kiʻi kiʻi, ma hope e hiki ai i kekahi ke koho i ka mana o ka opera.

Ua kākau ʻo Albinoni ma kahi o 50 mau keaka (ʻoi aku ma mua o ka mea haku mele ʻo Handel), āna i hana ai i kona ola ʻana. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā poʻo inoa ("Cenobia" - 1694, "Tigran" - 1697, "Radamisto" - 1698, "Rodrigo" - 1702, "Griselda" - 1703, "Dido haʻalele" - 1725, etc.), a me nā inoa o ka poʻe librettists (F. Silvani, N. Minato, A. Aureli, A. Zeno, P. Metastasio) ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka opera ma ka hana a Albinoni i hele i ke kuhikuhi mai ka opera baroque a i ka opera seria kahiko a, e like me, i kēlā poni opera hua'ōlelo, pili, dramatic crystallinity, clarity, i ke kumu o ka manaʻo o ka opera seria.

Ma ke mele o nā concerto mea kani a Albinoni, ʻike maopopo ʻia ka hele ʻana o nā kiʻi operatic. Hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia i kā lākou leo ​​rhythmic elastic, ka allegri nui o nā neʻe mua e pili ana i nā heroics e wehe i ka hana operatic. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻo ke poʻo inoa orchestral motif o ka tutti wehe, ke ʻano o Albinoni, ua hoʻomaka e hana hou ʻia e nā mea haku mele Italia. ʻO nā hopena nui o nā concerto, e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o nā mea, e hoʻokani i ka hauʻoli o ka hana opera (op. 7 E 3). ʻO nā māhele liʻiliʻi o nā concerto, nani i ko lākou nani mele, ua ku like me ka lamento opera arias a kū ma kahi pā me nā haku mele o nā mele kanikau a A. Scarlatti a me Handel. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka concerto instrumental a me ka opera i ka mōʻaukala o ke mele i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XNUMXth - i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia XNUMXth i pili loa a me ke ʻano. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka concerto - ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka tutti a me ka solo - ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e ke kūkulu ʻana i nā opera arias (ʻo ka ʻāpana leo he mea kani ritornello). A i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka opera a me ka ʻaha mele i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano ʻelua, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka pōʻaiapuni sonata-symphony.

Maikaʻi loa ka hana keaka o nā concerto a Albinoni: 3 ʻāpana (Allegro – Andante – Allegro) me kahi kiʻekiʻe lyrical i waenakonu. Ma nā ʻāpana ʻehā o kāna sonatas (Grave - Allegro - Andante - Allegro), ʻo ka hapa 3 e hana ma ke ʻano he lyrical center. ʻO ka ʻili lahilahi, plastic, melodic o nā concerto mea kani a Albinoni i kēlā me kēia leo, he mea hoihoi ia i ka poʻe hoʻolohe o kēia wā no kēlā nani maikaʻi, koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻohe o ka nani hoʻonui, he hōʻailona mau o ke kiʻi kiʻekiʻe.

Y. Evdokimova