Moolelo Waiolina
Contents
I kēia lā, pili ka violin me nā mele kahiko. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi o kēia mea kani e hana i ka manaʻo bohemian. Akā, ua like mau ka violin me kēia? ʻO ka moʻolelo o ka violin e haʻi e pili ana i kēia - kona ala mai kahi mea kani maʻalahi i kahi huahana akamai. Ua hūnā ʻia ka hana ʻana i ka violin a ua hāʻawi pilikino ʻia mai ka haku a i ka haumāna. ʻO ka mea kani lyrical, ka violin, ke alakaʻi nui nei i ka orchestra i kēia lā ʻaʻole ma ka manawa.
violin prototype
ʻO ka violin, ʻo ia ka mea kani maʻamau maʻamau, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "Queen of the orchestra" no kekahi kumu. A ʻaʻole wale ʻo ka ʻoi aku o hoʻokahi haneli mau mea hoʻokani pila ma kahi orkestra nui a ʻo ka hapakolu o lākou he violinists e hōʻoia i kēia. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana, ka mahanahana a me ka ʻoluʻolu o kāna timbre, ka leo o kāna kani, a me kāna mau hana nui e hāʻawi pono iā ia i kahi kūlana alakaʻi, ma ka symphony orchestra a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa solo.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke noʻonoʻo nei mākou a pau i ke ʻano hou o ka violin, i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e nā haku kaulana Italia, akā ʻaʻole maopopo kona kumu.
Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nei kēia pilikia a hiki i kēia lā. Nui nā mana o ka mōʻaukala o kēia mea hana. Wahi a kekahi mau moʻolelo, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo India kahi hānau o nā mea kani. Wahi a kekahi, ʻo Kina a me Peresia. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano he nui i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā mea maoli" mai ka palapala, ka pena kiʻi, ke kiʻi kiʻi, a i ʻole ma nā palapala mua e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke kumu o ka violin i kēlā a me kēlā makahiki, ma kēlā a me kēia kūlanakauhale. Mai nā kumu ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia he mau kenekulia ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka violin e like me ia, kokoke i kēlā me kēia lāhui moʻomeheu i loaʻa i nā mea kani kūlou like, a no laila ʻaʻole pono e ʻimi i nā aʻa o ke kumu o ka violin ma kekahi mau wahi. ka honua.
He nui nā mea noiʻi e noʻonoʻo i ka synthesis o nā mea kani e like me ka rebec, ka fiddle-like guitar a me ka lira kūlou, i kū mai ma ʻEulopa ma kahi o nā kenekulia 13-15, ma ke ʻano he ʻano prototype o ka violin.
Kāhua he mea kani kulou ekolu me ke kino pea e hele malie i ka ai. Loaʻa iā ia kahi papa kani me nā puka resonator ma ke ʻano o nā brackets a me kahi ʻōnaehana ʻelima.
ʻO ka fidel me ke ʻano kīkā Ua like kona ʻano me ka rebec, he ʻano peara, akā ʻaʻohe ʻāʻī, me hoʻokahi a ʻelima mau kaula.
Ka lira kulou ʻO kahi kokoke loa i ka violin ma waho, a pili lākou i ka manawa i ʻike ʻia (ma kahi o ke kenekulia 16). ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka violin Lear he kino kohu violin, kahi e kū ai nā kihi i ka manawa. Ma hope mai, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi lua convex lalo a me ka resonator ma ke ʻano o efs (f). Akā ʻo ka lira, ʻaʻole e like me ka violin, he mau kaula.
ʻO ka nīnau o ka moʻolelo o ke kumu o ka violin ma nā ʻāina Slavic - Russia, Ukraine a me Polani. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka pena kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, nā ʻeli ʻana o nā archaeological. No laila, ʻekolu kaula ʻano gensle a nā hale noho ua pili i na mea kani kulou Polani , a smyki i na Rusia. Ma ke kenekulia 15, ua ʻike ʻia kahi mea kani ma Polani, kokoke i ka violin o kēia manawa - violin, ma Rūsia me ka inoa like. - skripel.
I kona kumu, he mea kani ka violin. Ma nā ʻāina he nui, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka violin i nā mele mea kani. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia ma nā kiʻi pena a D. Teniers ("Flemish Holiday"), HVE Dietrich ("Wandering Musicians") a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui. Ua hoʻokani pū ʻia ka violin e nā mea mele auwana i hele mai kekahi kūlanakauhale a i kekahi kūlanakauhale, i komo i nā lā hoʻomaha, nā ʻahaʻaina kanaka, i hoʻokani ʻia ma nā hale kūʻai a me nā hale kūʻai.
No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua noho ka violin ma hope, ua mālama ka poʻe hanohano iā ia me ka hoʻowahāwahā, e noʻonoʻo ana he mea kani maʻamau.
ʻO ka hoʻomaka o ka moʻolelo o ka violin hou
I ke kenekulia 16, ʻelua ʻano nui o nā mea kani kūlou i ʻike maopopo ʻia: viola a me violin.
ʻAʻole kānalua, ʻike mākou a pau ua loaʻa i ka violin kona hiʻohiʻona hou i nā lima o nā haku Italia, a ua hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana i ka violin ma Italia ma kahi o ke kenekulia 16. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia manawa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka violin hou.
ʻO nā mea hana violin Italia mua loa Gasparo Bertolotti (a i ʻole “da Salo” (1542-1609) a Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632), mai Brescia, ma ka ʻākau o Italia. Akā naʻe, ua lilo koke ʻo Cremona i kikowaena honua o ka hana violin. A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā lālā o ka ʻOhana Amati (Andrea Aloha - ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kula Cremonese) a ʻO Antonio Stradivari (he haumāna o Nicolò Amati, nāna i hoʻopōmaikaʻi i ke ʻano a me ke kani o ka violin) ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia nā haku koʻikoʻi a maikaʻi ʻole o ka violin. o ka ohana; ʻoi aku kāna mau violin maikaʻi loa ma mua o nā Stradivari i ko lākou pumehana a me ke kani o ka leo) hoʻopau i kēia triumvirate nui.
No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua manaʻo ʻia ka violin he mea hoʻokani pila (no ka laʻana, ma Farani he kūpono wale ia no ka hula). Ma ke kenekulia 18 wale nō, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke kani ʻana o nā mele ma nā keʻena ʻaha mele, ua lilo ka violin, me kona kani ʻole ʻole, i mea kani hoʻokahi.
I ka wa i puka mai ai ka violin
ʻO ka haʻi mua ʻana o ka violin mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 16, ma Italia. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia kahi mea kani hoʻokahi o ia mau makahiki, hoʻoholo ka poʻe naʻauao ma muli o nā kiʻi pena a me nā kikokikona o ia manawa. ʻIke loa, ua ulu ka violin mai nā mea kani ʻē aʻe. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe mōʻaukala i kona ʻano me nā mea kani e like me ka lira Helene, ka Spanish fidel, ka Arab rebab, ka British crotta, a me ka ʻūhā kīwī ʻehā ʻehā o Rūsia. Ma hope mai, ma ka waena o ke kenekulia 16, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kiʻi hope loa o ka violin, i ola a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO Italia ka ʻāina kumu o ka violin. Ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia i loaʻa ai kona helehelena maikaʻi a me ke kani mālie. ʻO Gasparo de Salo ka mea hana violin kaulana, ua lawe i ka hana violin i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i hāʻawi i ka violin i ke ʻano a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia manawa. ʻO nā huahana o kāna hale hana i mahalo nui ʻia i waena o nā aliʻi a makemake nui ʻia ma nā hale mele.
Eia kekahi, i loko o ke kenekulia 16, ua hana kekahi ʻohana holoʻokoʻa, ʻo Amati, i ka hana ʻana i nā violins. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Andrea Amati i ke kula Cremonese o nā mea hana violin a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mea kani violin, hāʻawi iā ia i nā ʻano nani.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Gasparo lāua ʻo Amati nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hana violin. Ua ola kekahi mau huahana a kēia haku kaulana a hiki i kēia lā.
Ka moolelo o ka hana ana i ka violin
I ka wā mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ka violin he mea kani - hoʻokani ʻia e nā mea hoʻokani pila ma nā hale kūʻai a me nā hale kūʻai alanui. ʻO ka violin he ʻano kuʻuna o ka violin nani, i hana ʻia mai nā mea maikaʻi loa a he nui ke kālā. I kekahi manawa, ua hoihoi ka poʻe aliʻi i kēia mea kani, a laha loa i waena o nā ʻano moʻomeheu o ka lehulehu.
No laila, i ka makahiki 1560, kauoha ke aliʻi Farani ʻo Charles IX i 24 violins mai nā haku kūloko. Ma ke ala, ua ola kekahi o kēia mau mea kani 24 a hiki i kēia lā, a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kahiko loa ma ka Honua.
ʻO nā mea hana violin kaulana loa i hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i kēia lā ʻo Stradivari a me Guarneri.
He haumana ʻo Antonio Stradivari no Amati no ka mea ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia a noho i Cremona. I ka wā mua, pili ʻo ia i ke ʻano Amati, akā ma hope, ua wehe ʻo ia i kāna hale hana, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻokolohua. Ma hope o ka nānā pono ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o Gasparo de Salo a lawe iā lākou i kumu no ka hana ʻana i kāna huahana, Stradivari i ka makahiki 1691 i hana i kāna ʻano violin ponoʻī, ka mea i kapa ʻia elongated - "Long Strad". Ua hoʻohana ka haku i nā makahiki he 10 e hiki mai ana o kona ola e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kēia kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi. I ka makahiki 60, i ka makahiki 1704, ua hōʻike ʻo Antonio Stradivari i ka honua me ka hopena hope loa o ka violin, ʻaʻohe mea i hiki ke hoʻonui. I kēia lā, ma kahi o 450 mau mea kani o ka haku kaulana i mālama ʻia.
He haumana ʻo Andrea Guarneri no Amati, a ua lawe pū ʻo ia i kāna mau memo ponoʻī i ka hana violin. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ka moʻokūʻauhau holoʻokoʻa o nā mea hana violin i ka hopena o nā kenekulia 17 a me 18. Ua hana ʻo Guarneri i nā violin kiʻekiʻe loa, akā ʻaʻole i kūʻai ʻia, kahi i kaulana ai ʻo ia. ʻO kāna moʻopuna, ʻo Bartolomeo Guarneri (Giuseppe), he haku ʻItalia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 18, ua hana ʻo ia i nā mea kani akamai i hoʻokani ʻia e nā violinists koʻikoʻi - ʻo Nicolo Paganini a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi o 250 mau mea kani o ka ʻohana Guarneri i ola a hiki i kēia lā.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā violins o Guarneri a me Stradivari, ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kani o nā mea kani a Guarneri e pili kokoke ana i ka timbre i kahi mezzo-soprano, a ʻo Stradivari i kahi soprano.
Mea kani violin
ʻO ke kani o ka violin he mele a me ka naʻau. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ka violin e hōʻike mai iā mākou i kona huli ʻana mai kahi mea kani i mea kani. ʻO ka violin he mea kani leo kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia ka leo o ka violin i ka leo kanaka, he hopena koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka poʻe hoʻolohe.
ʻO ka hana violin solo mua "Romanescaperviolinosolo e basso" i kākau ʻia e Biagio Marina i ka makahiki 1620. A puni kēia manawa, hoʻomaka ka violin e ulu - ua loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike honua, lilo ia i hoʻokahi o nā mea kani ma nā orchestras. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Arcangelo Corelli ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka pāʻani violin artistic.
