Moʻolelo Cello

ʻO Cello he mea kani, he pūʻulu kaula, ʻo ia hoʻi ke pāʻani ʻana, pono kahi mea kūikawā e holo ana ma nā kaula - he kakaka. Hana ʻia kēia wand mai ka lāʻau a me ka lauoho lio. Aia kekahi ala e pāʻani ai me nā manamana lima, kahi e "ʻohi ai" nā kaula. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo pizzicato. He mea kani ka cello me nā kaula ʻehā o nā mānoanoa like ʻole. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kaula kāna memo ponoʻī. I ka wā mua, ua hana ʻia nā kaula mai ka ʻili hipa, a laila, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua lilo lākou i metala.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻōlelo mua i ka cello ma kahi fresco e Gaudenzio Ferrari mai 1535-1536. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka inoa ʻo "cello" i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā sonnets e J.Ch. Ua hopu ʻia i ka makahiki 1665.

Inā huli mākou i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, a laila kani ka inoa o ka mea kani - cello a i ʻole violoncello. Mai kēia mea e maopopo ai ʻo cello kahi huaʻōlelo o ka huaʻōlelo ʻItalia "violoncello", ʻo ia hoʻi ka liʻiliʻi pālua pālua.

ʻO ka moʻolelo cello ʻanuʻu

Ke ʻimi nei i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kēia mea kani kaula kulou, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻanuʻu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana:

1) Ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā cello mua ma kahi o 1560, ma Italia. ʻO Andrea Mati kā lākou mea nāna i hana. A laila hoʻohana ʻia ka mea kani ma ke ʻano he mea kani bass, hoʻokani ʻia nā mele ma lalo o ia mea a i ʻole nā ​​mea kani ʻē aʻe.

2) Eia kekahi, ua hana nui ʻo Paolo Magini lāua ʻo Gasparo da Salo (XVI-XVII mau kenekulia). Ua hoʻokō ka lua o lākou e hoʻokokoke i ka mea kani i ka mea e kū nei i ko mākou manawa.

3) Akā, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā hemahema a pau e ka haku nui o nā mea kani, ʻo Antonio Stradivari. I ka makahiki 1711, ua hana ʻo ia i ka cello Duport, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ia ka mea kani pipiʻi loa ma ka honua.

4) Ua hana mua ʻo Giovanni Gabrieli (ka hopena o ke kenekulia 17) i nā sonata a me nā kaʻa ricercars no cello. I ka wā Baroque, ua kākau ʻo Antonio Vivaldi lāua ʻo Luigi Boccherini i nā suites no kēia mea kani.

5) Ua lilo ka waena o ke kenekulia 18 i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka kaulana no ka mea kani kaula kulou, e ʻike ʻia ana ma ke ʻano he mea kani. Hoʻohui ka cello i nā hui symphonic a me ke keʻena. Ua kākau ʻia nā concerto kaʻawale nona e nā mea kilokilo o kā lākou ʻoihana - ʻo Jonas Brahms lāua ʻo Antonin Dvorak.

6) ʻAʻole hiki ke haʻi aku iā Beethoven, nāna i hana i nā hana no ka cello. I kona huakaʻi ʻana i ka makahiki 1796, hoʻokani ka haku mele nui ma mua o Friedrich Wilhelm II, ka Mōʻī o Prussia a me ka cellist. Ua haku ʻo Ludwig van Beethoven i ʻelua sonata no cello a me ka piano, Op. 5, no ka hanohano o keia alii. ʻO nā suites cello solo a Beethoven, i kū i ka hoʻāʻo o ka manawa, ua ʻike ʻia e kā lākou mea hou. No ka manawa mua, hoʻokau ka mea hoʻokani pila i ka cello a me ka piano ma kahi pae like.

7) ʻO ka hopena hope loa i ka popularization o ka cello i hana ʻia e Pablo Casals i ke kenekulia 20, nāna i hana i kahi kula kūikawā. Ua hoʻomana kēia cellist i kāna mau mea kani. No laila, e like me kekahi moʻolelo, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i kahi sapeira i loko o kekahi o nā kakaka, he makana mai ka Mōʻīwahine o Sepania. Ua makemake ʻo Sergei Prokofiev lāua ʻo Dmitri Shostakovich i ka cello i kā lāua hana.

Hiki iā mākou ke'ōlelo palekana ua lanakila ka kaulana o ka cello ma muli o ka laulā o ka laulā. Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo nā leo kāne mai ka bass a i ka tenor e hui pū me kahi mea kani. ʻO ia ka leo o kēia nani o ke kaula-kakaka e like me ka leo kanaka "haʻahaʻa", a paʻa ke kani mai nā memo mua loa me kona ʻono a me ka hōʻike.

Cello i kēia lā

He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo i ka mahalo nui ʻana o nā haku mele a pau i ka cello - ʻo kona pumehana, ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka hohonu o ke kani, a me kāna mau hiʻohiʻona hana i lanakila lōʻihi i ka puʻuwai o nā mea mele ponoʻī a me kā lākou mea hoʻolohe hoihoi. Ma hope o ka violin a me ka piano, ʻo ka cello ka mea punahele loa i huli ai nā maka o ka poʻe haku mele, hoʻolaʻa i kā lākou mau hana iā ia, i manaʻo ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻaha mele me ka hoʻokani pila a i ʻole ka piano. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻo Tchaikovsky i ka cello i kāna mau hana, Variations on a Rococo Theme, kahi āna i hāʻawi ai i ka cello me nā kuleana e hana ai ʻo ia i kēia hana liʻiliʻi o kona kāhiko pono ʻana i nā papahana ʻaha mele a pau, e koi ana i ka hemolele maoli i ka hiki ke haku i ka mea kani. ka hana.

ʻO ka concerto ʻo Saint-Saëns, a ʻo ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i hoʻokani ʻo Beethoven i ka ʻaha mele ʻekolu no ka piano, violin a me cello, ʻoliʻoli i ka lanakila nui me ka poʻe hoʻolohe. Ma waena o nā punahele, akā kakaikahi nō hoʻi i hana ʻia, ʻo ia ka Cello Concertos o Schumann a me Dvořák. I kēia manawa e hoʻopau loa. No ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka haku mele holoʻokoʻa o nā mea kani i ʻae ʻia i kēia manawa i ka symphony orchestra, ke waiho nei ka "'ōlelo" i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo wale nō e pili ana i nā bass pālua.

ʻO ka "bass" a i ʻole "contrabass viola" he ʻeono mau kaula a, e like me Michel Corratt, ka mea kākau o ka "School for Double Bass" kaulana, i paʻi ʻia e ia i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 18, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "violone. ” e na Italia. A laila, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi ka bass pālua a hiki i ka makahiki 1750 he mea kani wale nō ka Paris Opera. He aha ka mea hiki i ka orchestral double bass hou? Ma nā ʻōlelo ʻenehana, ʻo ia ka manawa e ʻike ai i ka pālua ʻelua ma ke ʻano he mea pono loa. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua i nā ʻāpana virtuoso, hana ʻia e lākou me ka hana akamai a me ke akamai maoli.

ʻO Beethoven i kāna symphony pastoral, me nā leo hū o nā pahu pālua, hoʻohālike maikaʻi loa i ka uwē ʻana o ka makani, ka ʻōwili o ka hekili, a hana maʻamau i ka manaʻo piha o nā mea huhū i ka wā hekili. Ma ke keʻena mele, ua kaupalena pinepine ʻia nā hana o ka bass pālua i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka laina bass. ʻO kēia, ma nā ʻōlelo maʻamau, ka mana noʻeau a me ka hana o nā lālā o ka "hui string". Akā, i loko o kahi hoʻokani symphony hou, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka "bow quintet" ma ke ʻano he "orchestra ma kahi orkestra."