ʻO Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin |
ʻO Ivan Khandoshkin
ʻO Rūsia o ke kenekulia XNUMX he ʻāina o nā ʻokoʻa. Ua hui pū ʻia ka waiwai ʻo ʻAsia me ka ʻilihune, ka hoʻonaʻauao - me ka naʻaupō loa, ke kanaka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā mea hoʻomālamalama Lūkini mua - me ka savagery a me ke kauā. I ka manawa like, ua ulu wikiwiki kahi moʻomeheu Lūkini mua. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia, e ʻoki mau ana ʻo Peter I i nā ʻumiʻumi o nā boyars, e lanakila ana i ko lākou kūʻē ikaika; i ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia, ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe aliʻi Lūkini i ka nani o Farani, hoʻokani ʻia nā opera a me nā ballet ma ke aloaliʻi; ʻO ka hoʻokani pila o ke aloaliʻi, i haku ʻia e nā mea mele kaulana, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa. Ua hele mai nā mea haku mele a me nā mea hoʻokani kaulana i Rūsia, ua hoihoi ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e nā makana manawaleʻa. A ma lalo o hoʻokahi haneli, ua puka ʻo Rūsia kahiko mai ka pōʻeleʻele o ka feudalism i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻEulopa. He lahilahi loa ka papa o kēia moʻomeheu, akā ua uhi mua ia i nā wahi āpau o ka nohona pili kanaka, politika, palapala a me ke ola mele.
Hōʻike ʻia ka hapakolu hope loa o ke kenekulia XNUMX e ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻepekema kūloko koʻikoʻi, nā mea kākau, nā haku mele, a me nā mea hana. Ma waena o lākou ʻo Lomonosov, Derzhavin, ka mea hōʻiliʻili kaulana o nā mele mele NA Lvov, nā haku mele ʻo Fomin a me Bortnyansky. I loko o kēia aniani ʻōlinolino, aia kahi wahi koʻikoʻi i ka mea hoʻokani pila ʻo Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin.
Ma Rusia, no ka hapa nui, ua mālama lākou i kā lākou mau talena me ka hoʻowahāwahā a me ka hilinaʻi. A no ka kaulana a me ke aloha o Khandoshkin i kona wā e ola ana, ʻaʻohe o kona mau hoa i lilo i mea kākau moʻolelo. ʻaneʻane nalo ka hoʻomanaʻo iā ia ma hope koke iho o kona make ʻana. ʻO ka mea mua i hoʻomaka e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻike e pili ana i kēia mele violin kupaianaha ʻo ia ka mea noiʻi Lūkini luhi ʻo VF Odoevsky. A mai kāna ʻimi ʻana, ʻo nā lau i hoʻopuehu wale ʻia i koe, akā ua lilo lākou i mea waiwai nui no nā mea kākau moʻolelo ma hope. Ua ʻike mau ʻo Odoevsky i nā hoa o ka violinist nui e ola ana, ʻo kāna wahine ʻo Elizaveta. ʻIke ʻo ia i kona ʻano ʻepekema, hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia nā mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia me ka ʻole.
Me ka hoʻomanawanui, ʻo ka mea noiʻi Soviet G. Fesechko, I. Yampolsky, a me B. Volman i hoʻihoʻi i ka moʻolelo biography o Khandoshkin. Nui nā ʻike ʻike ʻole a huikau e pili ana i ka mea hoʻokani pila. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā lā pololei o ke ola a me ka make; ua manaʻoʻia ua hele maiʻo Khandoshkin mai nā kauā; Wahi a kekahi mau kumu, ua aʻo ʻo ia me Tartini, e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i haʻalele iā Rūsia a ʻaʻole ʻo ia he haumāna no Tartini, etc.
Me ka paʻakikī nui, ua hiki iā G. Fesechko ke hoʻokumu i nā lā o ke ola a me ka make ʻana o Khandoshkin mai nā puke pule o nā moʻolelo kanu o ka lua kupapaʻu o Volkov ma St. Petersburg. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hānau ʻia ʻo Khandoshkin i ka makahiki 1765. Ua ʻike ʻo Fesechko i kēia helu: "1804, ma Malaki 19, ua hoʻomaha ka ʻaha iā Mumshenok (ie Mundshenk. - LR) ʻO Ivan Evstafiev Khandoshkin ua make ʻo 57 makahiki mai ka maʻi maʻi maʻi." Hōʻike ka moʻolelo i hānau ʻia ʻo Khandoshkin ʻaʻole i ka makahiki 1765, akā i ka makahiki 1747 a ua kanu ʻia ma ka hale kupapaʻu o Volkovo.
Mai nā moʻolelo a Odoevsky, ʻike mākou he mea humuhumu ka makuakāne o Khandoshkin, a ʻo ia hoʻi, he mea hoʻokani timpani ma ka orkestra a Peter III. Ke hōʻike nei kekahi mau puke i paʻi ʻia ʻo Evstafiy Khandoshkin ke kauā a Potemkin, akā ʻaʻohe palapala hōʻike e hōʻoia i kēia.
Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ʻo ke kumu violin a Khandoshkin ka mea hoʻokani pila, ʻo Tito Porto ka mea hoʻokani pila. ʻO Porto paha kāna kumu mua a hope loa; kanalua loa ka mana e pili ana i ka huakai i Italia i Tartini. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻokūkū ʻo Khandoshkin me nā poʻe kaulana ʻEulopa i hele mai i St. Petersburg - me Lolly, Schzipem, Sirman-Lombardini, F. Tietz, Viotti, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki paha i ka manawa i hui ai ʻo Sirman-Lombardini me Khandoshkin, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe he mau hoa haumāna lāua ʻo Tartini? ʻO ka mea kānalua, ʻo kahi haumāna akamai, ʻo ia hoʻi, i hele mai i kahi ʻāina exotic i nā maka o nā Italia e like me Rusia, ʻaʻole e hele ʻole ʻia e Tartini. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻāpana o nā mana o Tartini i kāna mau haku mele, no ka mea, ua ʻike nui ʻia nā sonata o kēia haku mele ma Rusia.
Ma kona kūlana lehulehu, ua ho'okō nui'o Khandoshkin i kona manawa. I ka makahiki 1762, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka makahiki 15, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo ia i ka orchestra o ke aloaliʻi, kahi āna i hana ai a hiki i 1785, a hiki i nā kūlana o ke keʻena mele mua a me ka mea hoʻokani pila. I ka makahiki 1765, ua helu ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu ma nā papa hoʻonaʻauao o ka Academy of Arts. I loko o nā lumi papa i wehe ʻia i ka makahiki 1764, me ka pena kiʻi, ua aʻo ʻia nā haumāna i nā kumuhana mai nā wahi a pau o ka noʻeau. Ua aʻo pū lākou i ka hoʻokani pila. Mai ka wā i wehe ʻia ai nā papa ma 1764, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ʻo Khandoshkin ke kumu kumu violin mua o ka Academy. He kumu ʻōpio (he 17 ʻo ia i kēlā manawa) he 12 mau haumāna, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia.
I ka makahiki 1779, ua ʻae ʻia ka mea kālepa akamai a me ka mea hānai mua ʻo Karl Knipper e wehe i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Free Theatre" ma St. Wahi a ka ʻaelike, pono lākou e hana no 50 mau makahiki me ka uku ʻole, a i nā makahiki ʻekolu e hiki mai ana e loaʻa iā lākou he 3-300 rubles i ka makahiki, akā "ma kā lākou haʻawina ponoʻī." ʻO kahi noiʻi i hana ʻia ma hope o 400 mau makahiki i hōʻike ʻia i kahi kiʻi weliweli o ke kūlana ola o nā mea hana ʻōpio. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papa o nā kahu ma luna o ka hale keaka, nāna i hoʻopau i ka ʻaelike me Knipper. ʻO ka mea hoʻokani Lūkini akamai ʻo I. Dmitrevsky i lilo i poʻo o ka hale keaka. Ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i 3 mau mahina - mai Ianuali a Iulai 7 - ma hope o ka lilo ʻana o ka hale keaka i ka mokuʻāina. Haʻalele ʻo Dmitrevsky i ke kūlana o ke alakaʻi, ua kākau ʻo Dmitrevsky i ka papa o nā kahu: "... ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā haumāna i hāʻawi ʻia iaʻu, e ʻōlelo wau me ka mahalo ʻole ua hana wau i nā hana āpau e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻonaʻauao a me kā lākou ʻano pono, kahi aʻu e kuhikuhi ai iā lākou iho. . ʻO kā lākou mau kumu ʻo Mr. Khandoshkin, Rosetti, Manstein, Serkov, Anjolinni, a me au. Ke waiho nei au i ka ʻaha kūkā hanohano a me ka lehulehu e hoʻoponopono i nā keiki i ʻoi aku ka mālamalama: inā paha me aʻu i nā mahina ʻehiku a i ʻole me koʻu mua i nā makahiki ʻekolu. He mea nui ka inoa o Khandoshkin ma mua o ke koena, a ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he pōʻino.
Aia kekahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka moʻolelo biography o Khandoshkin i iho mai iā mākou - ʻo kona koho ʻana i ka Yekaterinoslav Academy, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma 1785 e Prince Potemkin. I loko o kahi leka iā Catherine II, ua nīnau ʻo ia: "E like me ke Kulanui ʻo Yekaterinoslav, kahi i aʻo ʻia ai nā ʻepekema ʻaʻole wale nō, akā, ʻo nā hana noʻeau, pono e loaʻa kahi Conservatory no ke mele, a laila ʻae wau i ka wiwo ʻole e noi haʻahaʻa loa no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻaha. ʻO ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻo Khandoshkin ma laila me kahi makana no kāna ʻoihana penikala lōʻihi a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kūlana waha waha o ka ʻaha. Ua ʻae ʻia ka noi a Potemkin a ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Khandoshkin i ka Yekaterinoslav Academy of Music.
Ma ke ala i Yekaterinoslav, nohoʻo ia no kekahi manawa ma Moscow, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia e ka hoʻolaha ma Moskovskie Vedomosti e pili ana i ka paʻiʻana o nā hana Polaniʻelua e Khandoshkin, "e noho ana ma ka hapa 12 o ka hapaha mua ma No. Nekrasov.
Wahi a Fesechko, ua haʻalele ʻo Khandoshkin iā Moscow ma kahi o Malaki 1787 a hoʻonohonoho i Kremenchug i kahi mea e like me ka conservatory, kahi i loaʻa ai kahi hui mele kāne o 46 mau mele a me kahi orkestra o 27 mau kānaka.
No ke kula mele, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke Kulanui ʻo Yekaterinoslav, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Sarti ma mua o Khandoshkin i alakaʻi.
ʻO ke kūlana kālā o nā limahana o ka Academy of Music he mea paʻakikī loa, no nā makahiki ʻaʻole lākou i uku ʻia, a ma hope o ka make ʻana o Potemkin i ka makahiki 1791, ua pau loa nā haʻawina, ua pani ʻia ke kula. Akā ma mua, ua haʻalele ʻo Khandoshkin i St. Petersburg, kahi āna i hōʻea ai i 1789. A hiki i ka hopena o kona ola, ʻaʻole ia i haʻalele hou i ke kapikala Lūkini.
Ua hala ke ola o kahi violinist koʻikoʻi i nā kūlana paʻakikī, ʻoiai ka ʻike ʻia o kāna talena a me nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe. I ke kenekulia 10, ua mālama ʻia nā haole, a ua hoʻowahāwahā ʻia nā mea hoʻokani pila. I loko o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni imperial, ua loaʻa i nā haole kahi penikala ma hope o 20 mau makahiki o ka lawelawe ʻana, nā mea hoʻokani Lūkini a me nā mea hoʻokani pila - ma hope o 1803; Ua loaʻa i nā haole nā uku nani (no ka laʻana, ʻo Pierre Rode, ka mea i hōʻea i St. Petersburg ma 5000, ua kono ʻia e lawelawe ma ka ʻaha imperial me ka uku o 450 kālā rubles i ka makahiki). ʻO ka loaʻa kālā o ka poʻe Lūkini i paʻa i nā kūlana like mai 600 a 4000 rubles i ka makahiki ma nā banknotes. Ua loaʻa iā Khandoshkin, ka mea hoʻokani pila o Italia, ʻo Lolly, he 1100 rubles i ka makahiki, aʻo Khandoshkin i loaʻa iā XNUMX. A ʻo kēia ka uku kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa i kahi mea hoʻokani mele Lūkini. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka poʻe mele Lūkini i loko o ka ʻaha mele "mua", akā ua ʻae ʻia e pāʻani i ka lua - "ballroom", e lawelawe ana i nā leʻaleʻa hale aliʻi. Ua hana ʻo Khandoshkin no nā makahiki he nui ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani a me ke alakaʻi o ka lua o ka orkestra.
Pono, ua hele pū nā pilikia pili i ka violinist i kona ola ʻana. I loko o ka waihona o ka papa kuhikuhi o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni imperial, ua mālama ʻia kāna mau noi no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ke kālā "lāʻau", ʻo ia hoʻi, nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi no ke kūʻai ʻana i ka wahie, ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka uku no nā makahiki.
Ua wehewehe ʻo VF Odoevsky i kahi hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike maikaʻi ana i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o ka mea hoʻokani pila: “Hele mai ʻo Khandoshkin i ka mākeke lehulehu ... ʻāwīwī, a kūʻai aku i kahi violin no 70 rubles. Ua haʻi ka mea kālepa iā ia ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hōʻaiʻē iā ia no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike ʻo wai ʻo ia. Ua kapa ʻo Khandoshkin iā ia iho. ʻĪ maila ka mea kālepa iā ia: “E pāʻani, e hāʻawi manuahi aku au i ka violin iā ʻoe.” Aia ʻo Shuvalov i ka lehulehu o nā kānaka; I ka lohe ʻana iā Khandoshkin, kono ʻo ia iā ia i kona wahi, akā i ka ʻike ʻana o Khandoshkin e lawe ʻia ana ʻo ia i ka hale o Shuvalov, ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "Ua ʻike wau iā ʻoe, ʻo Shuvalov ʻoe, ʻaʻole wau e hele aku iā ʻoe." A ua ʻae ʻo ia ma hope o ka hoʻohuli nui ʻana.
I nā makahiki 80, hāʻawi pinepineʻo Khandoshkin i nā'ahamele; ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokani violin Russian mua i hāʻawi i nā ʻahamele ākea ākea. Ma ka lā 10 o Malaki, 1780, ua hoʻolaha ʻia kāna ʻahamele ma St. Petersburg Vedomosti: "Ma ka Pōʻalima, ka lā 12 o kēia mahina, e hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻaha mele ma ka hale keaka Kelemania kūloko, kahi e hoʻokani solo ai ʻo Mr. Khandoshkin ma kahi detuned. mea hoʻokani pila.
ʻO ke kālena hoʻokani a Khandoshkin he mea nui a he nui; ʻAʻole maikaʻi ʻo ia ma ka violin wale nō, akā ma ke kīkā a me ka balalaika, i alakaʻi ʻia no nā makahiki he nui a pono e ʻōlelo ʻia i waena o nā alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻoihana Lūkini mua. Wahi a ka poʻe contemporaries, he leo nui kona, hōʻike maʻamau a mehana, a me kahi ʻenehana phenomenal. He mea hoʻokaniʻo ia i kahi papahana'ahamele nui - hanaʻo ia i loko o nā hale keaka, nā kula hoʻonaʻauao, nā'āpana.
ʻO kona naʻau a me kona ʻoiaʻiʻo ua kāhāhā a hopu ʻia ka lehulehu, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā e hoʻokani ana i nā mele Lūkini: "ʻO ka hoʻolohe ʻana iā Khandoshkin's Adagio, ʻaʻohe mea i hiki ke pale aku i ka waimaka, a me nā leʻaleʻa wiwo ʻole a me nā paukū, āna i hana ai ma kāna violin me ka mana Lūkini maoli, ka poʻe hoʻolohe. wāwae a me ka poʻe hoʻolohe ponoʻī i hoʻomaka e lele.
Ua hauʻoli ʻo Khandoshkin i ka hana improvisation. Hōʻike nā moʻolelo a Odoevsky i kekahi o nā ahiahi ma SS Yakovlev's, ua hoʻoponopono ʻo ia i 16 mau ʻano like me ka hoʻokani violin paʻakikī loa. paakai, si, re, paakai.
He haku mele kaulana ʻo ia - ua kākau ʻo ia i nā sonatas, concertos, nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mele Lūkini. ʻOi aku ma mua o 100 mau mele i "hoʻokomo ʻia i ka violin", akā he mea liʻiliʻi i hiki mai iā mākou. Ua mālama ko mākou mau kūpuna i kona hoʻoilina me ka manaʻo ʻole o ka "lahui", a i ka wā i hala ai lākou, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā ʻōpala pōʻino wale nō i mālama ʻia. Ua nalowale nā concerto, mai loko o nā sonata a pau he 4 wale nō, a me ka hapalua a ʻelua paha kakini hoʻololi i nā mele Lūkini, ʻo ia wale nō. Akā na'e, hiki iā lākou ke ho'oholo i ka lokomaika'i o Khandoshkin a me ke kālena mele.
I ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mele Lūkini, ua hoʻopau ʻo Khandoshkin me ke aloha i kēlā me kēia ʻano hoʻololi, e hoʻonani ana i ke mele me nā mea hoʻonani paʻakikī, e like me ka haku Palekh i loko o kāna pahu. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo o nā ʻano like ʻole, māmā, ākea, like me ke mele, ke kumu o ka moʻolelo kuaʻāina. A ma ke ʻano kaulana, he improvisational kāna hana.
No nā sonata, paʻakikī loa ko lākou ʻano stylistic. Ua hana ʻo Khandoshkin i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu wikiwiki ʻana o nā mele ʻoihana Lūkini, ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kāna mau ʻano aupuni. He mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa hoʻi kēia manawa no nā kiʻi Lūkini e pili ana i ka hakakā ʻana o nā ʻano a me nā ʻano. Ke ola mau nei nā manaʻo noʻeau o ka makahiki XNUMXth i puka mai me kona ʻano kuʻuna. I ka manawa like, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā mea o ka sentimentalism a me ka romanticism e hiki mai ana. 'O kēia mau mea a pau e pili ana i nā hana a Khandoshkin. I loko o kāna Violin Sonata kaulana loa ma G minor, ua hana ʻia ka neʻe I, i hōʻike ʻia e ka sublime pathos, i ka wā o Corelli - Tartini, ʻoiai ʻo ka exuberant dynamics o ka allegro, i kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano sonata, he laʻana o ka pathetic. hoʻomākaʻikaʻi. I kekahi mau hoʻololi o ka hopena, hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo Khandoshkin ka mua o Paganini. Nui nā hui me ia ma Khandoshkin i ʻike pū ʻia e I. Yampolsky ma ka puke "Russian Violin Art".
I ka makahiki 1950 ua paʻi ʻia ʻo Khandoshkin's Viola Concerto. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe autograph o ka concerto, a ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano, ʻo ia ka mea e kānalua ai kekahi inā ʻo Khandoshkin maoli kāna mea kākau. Akā, inā naʻe, nona ka Concerto, a laila hiki ke kahaha wale i ka pili o ka waena waena o kēia hana i ke ʻano elegiac o Alyabyev-Glinka. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Khandoshkin i loko o ʻelua mau makahiki, e wehe ana i ke ʻano o nā kiʻi elegiac, ʻo ia ka mea nui o nā mele Lūkini i ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX.
ʻO kekahi ala a i ʻole kekahi, akā ʻo ka hana a Khandoshkin he mea hoihoi loa. Me he mea lā, hoʻolei ʻo ia i kahi alahaka mai ka XNUMXth a hiki i ka XNUMXth century, e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻi o kona au me ka mālamalama kupaianaha.
L. Raaben
