Wilhelm Backhaus |
Wilhelm Backhaus
Ua hoʻomaka ka hana noʻeau o kekahi o nā luminaries o ka pianism honua i ka manawa o ke kenekulia. I ka makahiki 16, ua hana ʻo ia i kahi hoʻomaka maikaʻi loa ma Lākana a ma 1900 i hana i kāna huakaʻi mua ma ʻEulopa; ma 1905 ua lilo ʻo ia i mea lanakila o ka IV International Competition i kapa ʻia ma hope o Anton Rubinstein ma Paris; i ka makahiki 1910 ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i kāna mau moʻolelo mua; I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i ka kaulana nui ma USA, ʻAmelika Hema, a me Australia. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka inoa a me ke kiʻi o Backhaus ma ka Golden Book of Music i paʻi ʻia ma Kelemānia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kā mākou kenekulia. ʻAʻole anei kēia manaʻo, e nīnau paha ka mea heluhelu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Backhouse ma ke ʻano he pianist "hou" wale nō ma nā kumu kūpono, me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka lōʻihi o kāna ʻoihana, ʻo ia ka lōʻihi o ʻehiku mau makahiki? ʻAʻole, no ko mākou manawa ke ʻano o Backhaus, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i "hoʻopau ka mea pena i kāna mau makahiki", akā aia ma luna o kāna mau hana hana. Akā ʻo ka mea nui ʻaʻole i loko o kēia, akā ʻo ke ʻano maoli o kāna pāʻani ʻana a me ka ʻano o ka poʻe hoʻolohe iā ia i kēia mau makahiki i hōʻike ʻia i nā kaʻina hana he nui i ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi piano hou, ua like lākou me kahi. alahaka e pili ana i ka piano o ka wa i hala a me ko kakou mau la.
ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻo Backhouse i ka conservatory, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kahi hoʻonaʻauao ʻōnaehana. I ka makahiki 1892, ua hoʻokomo ka mea alakaʻi ʻo Arthur Nikisch i kēia helu i loko o kahi album keiki ʻewalu makahiki: "ʻO ka mea hoʻokani maikaʻi loa i ka Bach e hoʻokō ʻo ia i kekahi mea i ke ola." I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Backhaus e lawe i nā haʻawina mai ke kumu Leipzig ʻo A. Reckendorf, kahi āna i aʻo ai a hiki i 1899. Akā, ua manaʻo ʻo ia i kona makuakāne ʻuhane maoli ʻo E. d'Albert, ka mea i lohe iā ia no ka manawa mua ma ke ʻano he 13-. keiki makahiki a no ka manawa lōʻihi i kōkua iā ia me ka ʻōlelo aʻo aloha.
Ua komo ʻo Backhouse i kona ola noʻeau ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila. Ua hōʻiliʻili koke ʻo ia i kahi repertoire nui a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he virtuoso phenomenal hiki ke lanakila i nā pilikia ʻenehana. Me kona kaulana i hōʻea ai i Rusia i ka hopena o 1910 a hana i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi loa. "ʻO ka piano ʻōpio," i kākau ai ʻo Yu. ʻO Engel, "ma mua o nā mea a pau, loaʻa iā ia nā "virtues" piano ʻokoʻa: he leo ʻoluʻolu (i loko o ka mea kani); kahi e pono ai - ikaika, kani piha, me ka ʻole o ka pahū a me ka uē ʻana; ʻO ka pulupulu nani, ka maʻalahi o ka hopena, ka ʻenehana kupaianaha maʻamau. Akā ʻo ka mea ʻoluʻolu loa ʻo ia ka maʻalahi o kēia ʻano loea. Lawe ʻo Backhouse i kona kiʻekiʻe ʻaʻole i ka hou o kona lae, akā maʻalahi, e like me Efimov ma luna o ka mokulele, no laila e hoʻouna ʻole ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka hilinaʻi hauʻoli i ka mea hoʻolohe ... ʻO ka mea pena kiʻi ʻōpio i kekahi manawa he mea kupanaha. Ua kiʻi ʻo ia i ka maka mai ka ʻāpana mua loa o ka papahana – hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻia ʻo Bach Chromatic Fantasy a me Fugue. ʻAʻole nani wale nā mea a pau ma Backhouse, akā ma kona wahi hoʻi, ma ke ʻano kūpono. Auwe! - i kekahi manawa maikaʻi loa! No laila makemake wau e haʻi hou i ka ʻōlelo a Bülow i kekahi o nā haumāna: “Ai, ʻai, ʻai! ʻOpio loa - a ua nui loa ke kauoha! Ua ʻike nui ʻia kēia ʻano noʻonoʻo, i kekahi manawa e mākaukau wau e ʻōlelo - maloʻo, ma Chopin ... ʻO kekahi mea hoʻokani piano maikaʻi loa, i ka nīnau ʻana e pili ana i ka mea e pono ai ke lilo i virtuoso maoli, pane leo ʻole, akā ma ke ʻano: kuhikuhi ʻo ia i kona mau lima, ke poʻo, Puʻuwai. A i koʻu manaʻo, ʻaʻole loaʻa ka lokahi piha o Backhouse i kēia ʻekolu; na lima kamahao, he poo maikai, a me ka puuwai ola kino, aole nae i kulike me lakou. Ua hōʻike piha ʻia kēia manaʻo e nā mea loiloi ʻē aʻe. Ma ka nūpepa "Golos" hiki i kekahi ke heluhelu "ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka nani o kāna pāʻani, ka mana o nā manaʻo: ua aneane maloʻo i kekahi manawa, a pinepine kēia maloʻo, nele i ka manaʻo i mua, e uhi ana i ka ʻaoʻao virtuoso brilliantly." "Ua lawa ka nani o kāna pāʻani, aia pū kekahi mele, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻomehana ʻia ka lawe ʻana e ke ahi o loko. ʻO ka'ālohilohi anu, i ka maikaʻi loa, hiki ke kāhāhā, akā,ʻaʻole e hoʻopio. ʻAʻole komo mau kāna manaʻo noʻeau i ka hohonu o ka mea kākau," heluhelu mākou ma ka loiloi a G. Timofeev.
No laila, ua komo ʻo Backhouse i ka pianistic arena ma ke ʻano he virtuoso naʻauao, akahele, akā anuanu, a ʻo kēia haiki-noʻonoʻo - me ka ʻikepili waiwai loa - ua pale iā ia mai ka hiki ʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe artistic maoli no nā makahiki he nui, a i ka manawa like, nā kiʻekiʻe o ka kaulana. Hāʻawi ʻo Backhouse i nā ʻaha mele me ka luhi ʻole, hoʻokani hou ʻo ia i nā palapala piano a pau mai Bach a Reger a me Debussy, he lanakila nui ʻo ia i kekahi manawa - akā ʻaʻole hou. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā "mea nui o kēia ao" - me nā mea unuhi. ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pololei, pololei, hōʻino nā mea hoʻohewa i ka mea pena no ka pāʻani ʻana i nā mea āpau i ke ʻano like, me ka ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i kona ʻano ponoʻī i ke mele e hana ʻia nei. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo W. Niemann, ka mea hoʻokani piano kaulana a me ka mea hoʻokani mele kaulana i ka makahiki 1921: “He hiʻohiʻona aʻoaʻo o kahi e alakaʻi ai ka neoclassicism me kona manaʻo ʻole a me ka ʻuhane a me ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻenehana, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokani piano ʻo Leipzig ʻo Wilhelm Backhaus… mai ke ʻano, ka ʻuhane e hoʻolilo i ke kani i mea hoʻohālike o ka waiwai a me ka noʻonoʻo o loko, ua nalowale. ʻO Backhouse a noho mau ʻo ia he ʻenehana hoʻonaʻauao. " Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia manaʻo e nā mea hoʻohewa Soviet i ka wā o ka huakaʻi a ka mea pena i ka USSR i nā makahiki 20.
Ua hoʻomau kēia no nā makahiki he ʻumi, a hiki i ka makahiki 50. Me he mea lā ʻaʻole i loli ke ʻano o Backhouse. Akā implicitly, no ka manawa lōʻihi imperceptibly, aia kahi kaʻina o ka evolution o kāna hana, pili pili me ka evolution o ke kanaka. Ka uhane, ethical loina hele mai i ka mua a me ka ikaika, naʻauao maʻalahi hoʻomaka e lanakila ma luna o waho brilliance, expressiveness - ma luna o indifference. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻololi hou ʻia ka repertoire o ka mea pena: ʻaneʻane nalowale nā ʻāpana virtuoso mai kāna mau papahana (ua mālama ʻia lākou no nā encores), ʻo Beethoven ka mea nui, a ukali ʻia e Mozart, Brahms, Schubert. A i ka makahiki 50, ua ʻike hou ka lehulehu iā Backhaus, ʻike iā ia ʻo ia kekahi o nā "Beethovenists" o ko mākou manawa.
ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ke ala maʻamau i hala mai kahi virtuoso maikaʻi, akā ʻole, a he nui i nā manawa a pau, i kahi mea pena maoli? ʻAʻole ma kēlā ʻano. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia nā loina hana o ka mea pena ma kēia ala. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa mau ʻo Backhouse i ke ʻano lua - mai kona manaʻo - o ke akamai o ka unuhi ʻana i ke mele e pili ana i kāna hana ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i loko o ka mea pena kiʻi he "unuhi" wale nō, he mea ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mea haku mele a me ka mea hoʻolohe, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo ia ke kumu nui, inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō ka pahuhopu, ka lawe pololei ʻana i ka ʻuhane a me ka leka o ka kikokikona a ka mea kākau - me ka ʻole o nā mea hoʻohui mai iā ia iho. me ka hōʻike ʻole ʻana i kāna kiʻi "I". I nā makahiki o ka wā ʻōpio o ka mea pena, i ka wā i ulu nui ai kāna pianistic a me nā mele mele ma mua o ka ulu ʻana o kona ʻano, ua alakaʻi kēia i ka maloʻo ʻana o ka naʻau, impersonality, emptiness i loko a me nā hemahema ʻē aʻe i ʻike mua ʻia o ka piano a Backhouse. A laila, i ka wā i oʻo ai ka mea pena i ka ʻuhane, ʻo kona ʻano ʻano, ʻoiai nā ʻōlelo a me nā helu ʻana, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e waiho i kahi imprint ma kāna wehewehe. ʻAʻole kēia i hoʻolilo i kāna wehewehe "ʻoi aku ka manaʻo", ʻaʻole i alakaʻi i ka arbitrariness - ma ʻaneʻi ua kūpaʻa ʻo Backhouse iā ia iho; akā, ʻo ka manaʻo kupaianaha o ka like, ka correlation o nā kikoʻī a me ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka maʻalahi a me ka hanohano a me ka maʻemaʻe ʻuhane o kāna ʻoihana me ka wehe ʻole ʻia, a me kā lākou hui ʻana i alakaʻi ai i ka democracy, accessibility, i lawe mai iā ia i kahi kūleʻa hou, qualitatively ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka wā ma mua. .
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o Backhaus e puka mai me ka hōʻoluʻolu nui i kāna wehewehe ʻana i nā sonata hope loa a Beethoven - kahi wehewehe i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i nā manaʻo, nā ʻuhane wahaheʻe, i lalo loa i ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻi o loko o ka haku mele, ka waiwai o nā manaʻo o ka haku mele. E like me ka ʻike ʻana o kekahi o nā mea noiʻi, ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa i ka poʻe hoʻolohe o Backhouse ua like ʻo ia me kahi alakaʻi i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona mau lima a hāʻawi i ka manawaleʻa e hoʻokani iā ia iho. "I ka wā e hoʻokani ai ʻo Backhaus iā Beethoven, ʻōlelo mai ʻo Beethoven iā mākou, ʻaʻole ʻo Backhaus," i kākau ai ka mea loea mele kaulana ʻo K. Blaukopf. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Beethoven hope, akā ʻo Mozart, Haydn, Brahms, Schubert. Ua ʻike ʻo Schumann i loko o kēia mea pena he unuhi ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi, nāna i hoʻohui i ka virtuosity me ka naʻauao i ka hopena o kona ola.
Ma ka pololei, pono e hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ʻoiai i kona mau makahiki hope - a ʻo lākou ka lā kiʻekiʻe no Backhouse - ʻaʻole ia i kūleʻa like i nā mea āpau. Ua lilo kona ʻano i mea liʻiliʻi loa, no ka laʻana, i ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia i ke mele a Beethoven o ka wā mua a me ka waena, kahi e koi ʻia ai ka mahanahana o ka manaʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo mai ka mea hoʻokani. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi mea loiloi "ma kahi a Beethoven i ʻōlelo liʻiliʻi ai, ʻaʻohe mea e ʻōlelo ai ʻo Backhouse."
Ma ka manawa like, ua ʻae ka manawa iā mākou e nānā hou i ke ʻano o Backhaus. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo kāna "objectivism" he ʻano pane i ka hoihoi nui me ke aloha a me ka "super-romantic" hana, ʻano o ka manawa ma waena o nā kaua honua ʻelua. A, ma hope paha o ka emi ʻana o kēia hoihoi i hiki iā mākou ke mahalo i nā mea he nui ma Backhouse. No laila ʻaʻole pololei kekahi o nā nūpepa Kelemania i ke kāhea ʻana iā Backhaus i kahi obituary "ka mea hope loa o nā piano nui o ka wā kahiko." Akā, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani piano mua o kēia au.
"Makemake au e pāʻani mele a hiki i nā lā hope o koʻu ola," wahi a Backhouse. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kāna moeʻuhane. ʻO nā makahiki he ʻumi a me ka hapa i hala aku nei ua lilo i manawa o ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ke ola o ka mea pena. Ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻo ia i kāna lā hānau 70th me kahi huakaʻi nui i USA (e hana hou ana i ʻelua makahiki ma hope); i ka makahiki 1957 ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i nā concerto a pau a Beethoven ma Roma i ʻelua ahiahi. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i kāna hana no ʻelua makahiki ("e hoʻonohonoho i ka ʻenehana"), ʻike hou ʻia ka mea pena i mua o ka lehulehu me kona nani. ʻAʻole wale ma nā ʻahamele, akā i ka wā hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i pāʻani me ka hapalua puʻuwai, akā, ma ke ʻano ʻē, koi mau i nā manawa kūpono mai nā alakaʻi. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia he mea hanohano a hiki i kona mau lā hope loa e hoʻopaʻa ʻia, no nā hoʻokūkū, i ka mākaukau ʻana o nā pāʻani paʻakikī e like me Liszt's Campanella a i ʻole Liszt transcription o nā mele a Schubert. I ka makahiki 60, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka nui o nā hoʻopaʻa leo o Backhouse; ʻO nā moʻolelo o kēia manawa i hopu ʻia i kāna wehewehe ʻana i nā sonata a me nā concerto āpau o Beethoven, nā hana a Haydn, Mozart a me Brahms. Ma ka pō o kona lā hānau 85th, ua pāʻani ka mea pena me ka hoihoi nui ma Vienna i ka Second Brahms Concerto, āna i hana mua ai ma 1903 me H. Richter. ʻO ka hope loa, 8 mau lā ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi ʻahamele ma ka ʻahaʻaina kauwela Carinthian ma Ostia a hoʻokani hou, e like me nā manawa mau, maikaʻi loa. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ka papahana i ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, a i kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, ua make ke kanaka pena kiʻi.
ʻAʻole i haʻalele ʻo Wilhelm Backhaus i ke kula. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia a ʻaʻole makemake e aʻo. He kakaikahi ka hoao ana – ma King's College ma Manchester (1905), ka Sonderhausen Conservatory (1907), ka Philadelphia Curtis Institute (1925 – 1926) aole i waiho i kahi meheu ma kona mooolelo. ʻAʻohe āna haumāna. "Ua paʻa loa au no kēia," wahi āna. "Inā loaʻa iaʻu ka manawa, ʻo Backhouse ʻo ia kaʻu haumāna punahele." Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia me ka ʻole o ke ʻano, me ka ʻole o ka coquetry. A ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia i ka hemolele a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola ʻana, aʻo mai ka mele.
Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.
