Alexey Nikolaevich Verstovsky |
ʻO Alexey Verstovsky
ʻO kahi mea hoʻokani mele Lūkini akamai, haku mele a me ke kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻo A. Verstovsky ua like kona mau makahiki me Pushkin a he kanaka kahiko o Glinka. I ka makahiki 1862, ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka mea haku mele, ua kākau ʻo A. Serov ka mea hoʻokani mele koʻikoʻi "ma ke ʻano o ka kaulana, ua lanakila ʻo Verstovsky iā Glinka," e pili ana i ka kūleʻa mau loa o kāna keaka maikaʻi loa, ʻo Askold's Grave.
Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ke kahua mele i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1810, aia ʻo Verstovsky i ke kikowaena o ke ola mele a me ke keaka o Rūsia no nā makahiki he 40 a ʻoi aku ka nui o ke komo ʻana i loko o ia mea ma ke ʻano he haku mele kaulana a ma ke ʻano he luna hoʻomalu keaka. Ua kamaʻāina ka mea haku mele i nā kiʻi koʻikoʻi o ka moʻomeheu ʻano Lūkini. ʻO ia "ma luna o ʻoe" me Pushkin, Griboyedov, Odoevsky. ʻO ka pilina pili a me ka hana hui i hoʻopili iā ia me nā mea kākau a me nā mea pāʻani he nui - ʻo A. Pisarev, M. Zagoskin, S. Aksakov.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo o ka moʻokalaleo a me ke keaka i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻono aesthetic o ka haku mele. Ma kahi kokoke i nā kiʻi o Russian romanticism a me Slavophiles ua hōʻike 'ia i loko o Verstovsky ka hoʻokō 'ana i ka Lūkini kahiko, a me kona hoihoi i ka "diabolo" noʻonoʻo, i fiction, bizarrely hui me ke aloha reproduction o na hiʻona o ke ola aupuni, maoli kanaka mōʻaukala a me. hanana.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Verstovsky ma ka ʻāina ʻo Seliverstovo ma ka moku ʻo Tambov. ʻO ka makuakāne o ka mea haku mele he keiki ponoʻole ia a General A. Seliverstov a he wahine Turkish pio, a no laila ua hoʻokumu ʻia kona inoa hope - Verstovsky - mai kahi ʻāpana o ka inoa ʻohana, a ʻo ia iho i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hanohano ma ke ʻano he kamaʻāina o ka "Polani. aliʻi.” ʻO ka hoʻomohala mele o ke keikikāne i hana ʻia ma kahi ʻano maikaʻi. Ua hoʻokani ka ʻohana i nā mele he nui, ua loaʻa i koʻu makuakāne kāna mea hoʻokani pila ponoʻī a me kahi waihona mele nui no ia mau manawa. Mai ka makahiki 8, ua hoʻomaka ka mea haku mele i ka wā e hiki mai ana e hoʻokani i nā ʻaha mele ma ke ʻano he pianist, a ʻike koke ʻia kona makemake no ke kākau mele.
I ka makahiki 1816, ma ka makemake o kona mau mākua, ua hoʻonoho ʻia ke kanaka ʻōpio i ka Institute of the Corps of Railway Engineers ma St. Petersburg. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana ma laila no hoʻokahi makahiki, haʻalele ʻo ia i ke kula a komo i ka ʻoihana kīwila. Ua hopuʻia ke kanaka'ōpio maikaʻi e ka lewa mele o ke kapikala, a ke hoʻomau neiʻo ia i kāna hoʻonaʻauao mele ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a nā kumu kaulanaʻo Petersburg. Ua lawe ʻo Verstovsky i nā haʻawina piano mai D. Steibelt lāua ʻo J. Field, hoʻokani i ka violin, aʻo i ke kumumanaʻo mele a me nā kumu o ka haku mele. Maʻaneʻi, ma St. Petersburg, ua hānauʻia ka makemake no ka hale keaka a ulu ikaika, a e noho mauʻo ia i mea kākoʻo nui no ke koena o kona ola. Me kona ʻano ʻāʻī a me kona ʻano ʻano, komo ʻo Verstovsky i nā hana hoʻokani pila ma ke ʻano he mea keaka, unuhi i nā vaudevilles Farani i ka Lūkini, a haku mele no nā hana keaka. Hana ʻia nā kamaʻāina hoihoi me nā ʻelele kaulana o ka honua keaka, nā haku mele, nā mea hoʻokani pila, nā mea pena. Aia ma waena o lākou ka mea kākau ʻōpio ʻo N. Khmelnitsky, ka mea hana keaka hanohano ʻo A. Shakhovskoy, ka mea hoʻohewa ʻo P. Arapov, a me ka mea haku mele ʻo A. Alyabyev. Ma waena o kāna mau hoaaloha ʻo N. Vsevolozhsky, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka moʻolelo a me ka politika "Green Lamp", i komo pū me nā Decembrists a me Pushkin e hiki mai ana. Ua hele pū ʻo Verstovsky i kēia mau hālāwai. Malia paha i kēia manawa kona kamaʻāina mua me ka haku mele nui.
I ka makahiki 1819, ua kaulana ka mea haku mele he iwakālua makahiki no kāna hana ʻana i ka vaudeville "Grandmother's Parrots" (e pili ana i ka kikokikona a Khmelnitsky). Paipai ʻia e ka kūleʻa, hoʻoholo ʻo Verstovsky e hāʻawi piha iā ia iho i ka lawelawe ʻana i kāna hana aloha. ʻO ka vaudeville mua i ukaliʻia e "Quarantine", "ʻO ka hoʻomaka mua o ka mea hoʻokani Troepolskaya", "Crazy House, or a Strange Wedding", a pēlā aku. nā ʻano o ka lehulehu Lūkini o ia manawa. ʻO ka naʻauao a me ka hauʻoli, piha i ka manaʻo maikaʻi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke ola, lawe mālie ʻo ia i nā kuʻuna o ke mele mele Lūkini a hoʻomohala mai kahi pāʻani leʻaleʻa me nā mele i loko o ka opera vaudeville, kahi mele e pāʻani ai i kahi hana koʻikoʻi.
Ua mahalo nui ka poʻe o kēia wā iā Verstovsky, ka mea kākau o vaudeville. ʻO Griboedov, i ke kaʻina o ka hana hui ma ka vaudeville "ʻO wai ke kaikunāne, ʻo ia ke kaikuahine, a i ʻole hoʻopunipuni ma hope o ka hoʻopunipuni" (1823), i kākau ai i ka mea haku mele: "ʻAʻohe oʻu kānalua no ka nani o kāu mele a hoʻomaikaʻi iaʻu iho ma mua. ma luna o laila. Ua kākau ʻo V. Belinsky i ka manaʻo nui o ke kiʻi kiʻekiʻe: ʻAʻole kēia he kamaʻilio mele maʻamau, me ka manaʻo ʻole, akā he mea i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ke ola o kahi kālena ikaika. Loaʻa iā Verstovsky nā mele no nā mele ma mua o 30 mau vaudeville. A ʻoiai ua kākau ʻia kekahi o lākou me ka hui pū ʻana me nā mea haku mele ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i kēia ʻano ma Rūsia, ʻo ka mea nāna i hana, e like me kā Serov i kākau ai, "kahi ʻano code o nā mele vaudeville."
ʻO ka hoʻomaka nani o ka hana haku mele a Verstovsky i hoʻoikaika ʻia e kāna ʻoihana lawelawe. I ka makahiki 1823, e pili ana i ke koho ʻana i ke keʻena o ke kiaʻāina nui o ka pūʻali koa Moscow D. Golitsyn, ua neʻe ka mea haku mele ʻōpio i Moscow. Me kona ikaika a me kona hoihoi, komo ʻo ia i ke ola keaka ʻo Moscow, hana i nā kamaʻāina hou, nā pilina aloha a me nā mea hana. No 35 mau makahiki, lawelawe ʻo Verstovsky ma ke keʻena keaka ʻo Moscow, e hoʻokele ana i ka repertory a me ka ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho a me ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke poʻo nei i ka hui keaka a me ka hui keaka o Bolshoi a me Maly. A ʻaʻole ia he mea coincidence i kapa ʻia kona mau hoa i ka wā lōʻihi o kāna lawelawe ʻana i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni "ke au o Verstovsky." Wahi a nā hoʻomanaʻo o nā poʻe like ʻole i ʻike iā ia, ʻo Verstovsky kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi loa, e hui pū ana i ke talena kūlohelohe kiʻekiʻe o kahi mea hoʻokani mele me ka manaʻo ikaika o kahi mea hoʻonohonoho - ka hana o ka ʻoihana keaka. ʻOiai ʻo kāna mau kuleana he nui, ua hoʻomau ʻo Verstovsky i ka haku mele. ʻAʻole ʻo ia ka mea kākau o nā mele keaka wale nō, akā, ʻo nā mele like ʻole a me nā mele like ʻole, i hana maikaʻi ʻia ma ke kahua a ua hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia i ke ola kūlanakauhale. Hōʻike ʻia ia e ka hoʻokō maʻalahi o nā leo o ka poʻe Lūkini a me nā mele mele i kēlā me kēia lā, hilinaʻi i nā mele kaulana a me nā ʻano hula, ka waiwai, a me ke kikoʻī o ke kiʻi mele. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka hiʻohiʻona o Verstovsky ʻo kona ʻano e hoʻokomo i ka manaʻo ikaika, ikaika, a me nā ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo. Hoʻokaʻawale ke ʻano nani a me ka ikaika kūikawā i kāna mau hana mai ka hana a ka hapa nui o kona mau wā, i pena ʻia i nā leo elegiac.
ʻO ke kālena piha loa a me ke kumu mua o Verstovsky i hōʻike iā ia iho i kāna mau mele ballad, a ʻo ia i kapa ʻia ʻo "cantatas". ʻO kēia ʻo Black Shawl i haku ʻia i ka makahiki 1823 (ma Pushkin Station), ʻEkolu Mele a me ka Poor Singer (ma V. Zhukovsky Station), e hōʻike ana i ka makemake o ka mea haku mele i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke keaka. Ua hoʻokani ʻia kēia mau "cantatas" ma ke ʻano hoʻokalakupua - me nā hiʻohiʻona, nā lole a me ka hoʻokani pila. Hoʻokumu pū ʻo Verstovsky i nā cantatas nui no nā soloists, choir and orchestra, a me nā mele mele a me nā mele mele "ma kekahi manawa", a me nā ʻaha mele kapu. ʻO ka hale keaka mele ka mea i aloha nui ʻia.
Aia he 6 mau keaka ma ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o Verstovsky. ʻO ka mua o lākou - "Pan Tvardovsky" (1828) - ua kākau ʻia ma ka manuahi. ʻO Zagoskin e pili ana i kāna "moʻolelo weliweli" o ka inoa hoʻokahi, e pili ana i ka West Slavic (Polish) version o ka moʻolelo o Faust. ʻO ka lua o ka opera, ʻo Vadim, a i ʻole ke ala ʻana o nā kaikamahine hiamoe he ʻumikūmālua (1832), i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ballad Thunderbolt a Zhukovsky, a i ʻole ka ʻumikūmālua mau kaikamahine hiamoe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi ʻāpana mai ke ola o Kievan Rus. Ma Kyiv kahiko, hana ʻia ka hana a ʻo ke kolu - ʻo ka opera kaulana loa na Verstovsky - "Askold's Grave" (1835), e pili ana i ka moʻolelo mōʻaukala a me ke aloha o ka inoa like e Zagoskin.
Ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ka poʻe i ke ʻano o nā keaka mua ʻekolu a Verstovsky, nāna i ʻimi e hana i kahi keaka Lūkini aupuni e pili ana i nā hanana mōʻaukala a me nā moʻolelo moʻolelo mai ka wā kahiko semi-kaʻao a e hoʻokomo ana i nā ʻaoʻao kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me ka mālamalama o ke ʻano o ka lāhui. ʻO ka hoʻopuka hou ʻana o nā hanana mōʻaukala e kū nei i ke kāʻei o nā kiʻi kikoʻī o ke ola o ka poʻe, me kāna mau hana, nā mele, a me nā hula, pili i nā ʻono noʻeau o ka wā Romantic. ʻO Romantic a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke ola maoli o nā koa mai ka poʻe a me nā moʻolelo daimonio pōʻino. Ua hana ʻo Verstovsky i kahi ʻano mele mele Lūkini, kahi i kumu o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻo ka Russian-Slavic song-hula, elegiac romance, dramatic ballad. Vocalism, mele lyricism, ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i ke ʻano nui o ka hana ʻana i nā mea ola, hōʻike a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo kanaka. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea kupanaha, magic-demonic o kāna mau opera e nā ʻano orchestral, a me ke kōkua ʻana o ka melodrama, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ia manawa (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka heluhelu ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokani pila). ʻO ia nā ʻāpana "weliweli" o nā kilokilo, nā kilokilo, ke ʻano o nā ʻuhane ʻino "hellish". He mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka melodrama i nā keaka a Verstovsky, no ka mea, he ʻano mele like ʻole a me ke ʻano keaka, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kūkākūkā kamaʻilio prose. He mea pono i loko o "Vadim" ka hana nui i manaʻo ʻia no ka tragedian kaulana ʻo P. Mochalov he mea hoʻokani maoli.
ʻO ke ʻano o "Ivan Susanin" na Glinka, i hoʻokumu ʻia i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o "Askold's Grave". (1836), hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi pae hou i ka mōʻaukala o nā mele Lūkini, e uhi ana i nā mea āpau ma mua o ia a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā opera naive-romantic a Verstovsky i ka wā i hala. Ua hopohopo nui ka haku mele i ka nalowale o kona kaulana kahiko. "Ma loko o nā ʻatikala a pau aʻu i ʻike ai ʻo ʻoe, ua ʻike wau i ka poina piha iaʻu iho, me he mea lā ʻaʻole wau i noho ..." kākau ʻo ia iā Odoevsky. - "ʻO wau ka mea mahalo mua i kā Glinka kālena maikaʻi loa, akā ʻaʻole wau makemake a ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke haʻalele i ka pono o ka primacy."
ʻAʻole makemake ʻo Verstovsky e hoʻomau i ka haku mele. Ua ʻike ʻia i ka wā hope loa o kona ola ʻana, ʻo ka opera i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano o ke ola Lūkini hou ʻo Longing for the Homeland (1839), ka fairy-tale-magic opera A Dream in Reality, a i ʻole Churova Valley (1844) a me ka moʻolelo nui- ʻO ka opera maikaʻi ʻo The Stormbreaker (1857) – hōʻike i nā ʻimi noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano operatic a ma ke ʻano stylistic. Eia naʻe, me ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau mea kūleʻa, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka opera hope loa "Gromoboy", i hōʻailona ʻia e ke ʻano ʻano Russian-Slavic o Verstovsky, ʻaʻole i hoʻi hou ka mea haku mele i kona nani kahiko.
I ka makahiki 1860, ha'alele 'o ia i ka lawelawe ma ke ke'ena keaka 'o Moscow, a ma ka la 17 o Kepakemapa, 1862, ma hope o kona ola 'ana iā Glinka no 5 makahiki, make 'o Verstovsky. ʻO kāna mele hope loa ʻo ia ka cantata "The Feast of Peter the Great" ma nā pauku o kāna mele punahele - ʻo AS Pushkin.
T. Korzhenyants
