Carlo Maria Giulini |

Carlo Maria Giulini

He ola lōʻihi a hanohano. Piha i nā lanakila, he hōʻike o ka mahalo mai ka poʻe hoʻolohe mahalo, akā ʻo ke aʻo mau ʻana i nā helu, ka manaʻo nui loa o ka ʻuhane. Ua ola ʻo Carlo Maria Giulini no kanaiwa makahiki.

ʻO ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o Giulini ma keʻano he mea hoʻokani pila, me ka hoʻonuiʻole, "e apo" i ka Italia holoʻokoʻa:ʻo ka peninsula nani, e like me kouʻike, he lōʻihi a haiki. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Barletta, kahi kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻāpana hema o Puglia (kuʻekuʻe wāwae wāwae) ma Mei 9, 1914. Akā mai ka wā liʻiliʻi, ua pili kona ola me ka "extreme" Italian north: i ka makahiki ʻelima, ʻo ka Ua hoʻomaka ka mea alakaʻi e aʻo i ka violin ma Bolzano. ʻO Italia kēia, a laila ʻo Austria-Hungary. A laila neʻe ʻo ia i Roma, kahi āna i hoʻomau ai i kāna aʻo ʻana ma ke Kulanui o Santa Cecilia, e aʻo ana e hoʻokani i ka viola. I ka makahiki ʻumikūmāwalu, lilo ʻo ia i mea pena no ka Augusteum Orchestra, kahi hale ʻaha mele Roma nani. Ma ke ʻano he lālā orkestra o ka Augusteum, ua loaʻa iā ia ka manawa - a me ka hauʻoli - e pāʻani me nā alakaʻi e like me Wilhelm Furtwängler, Erich Kleiber, Victor De Sabata, Antonio Guarnieri, Otto Klemperer, Bruno Walter. Ua pâʻani 'o ia ma lalo o ka pahu o Igor Stravinsky a me Richard Strauss. I ka manawa like, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ke alakaʻi ʻana me Bernardo Molinari. Ua loaʻa iā ia kāna diploma i kahi manawa paʻakikī, i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke Kaua Honua ʻelua, i ka makahiki 1941. Ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia kāna hana mua: ua hiki iā ia ke kū ma hope o ka console wale nō ʻekolu makahiki ma hope, i ka makahiki 1944. ʻahamele mua ma Roma i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Giulini: "ʻO nā haʻawina i ke alakaʻi ʻana e pono ai ka lohi, akahele, mehameha a me ka noho mālie." Ua uku nui ʻo Fate iā ia no ke koʻikoʻi o kona ʻano i kāna ʻoihana, no ka nele o ka lapuwale. I ka makahiki 1950, ua neʻe ʻo Giulini i Milan: ʻo kona ola a pau e pili ana me ke kapikala ʻākau. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua kono ʻo De Sabata iā ia i ka Radio Italia a me Television a i ka Conservatory ʻo Milan. Mahalo i ka De Sabate hoʻokahi, ua wehe ʻia nā puka o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni La Scala i mua o ke alakaʻi ʻōpio. I ka wā i loaʻa ai ka pilikia puʻuwai iā De Sabata i Kepakemapa 1953, ua lanakila ʻo Giulini iā ​​ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi mele. Ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ka wehe ʻana o ke kau (me ka opera ʻo Catalani ʻo Valli). E noho mau ʻo Giulini ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi mele no ka luakini ʻo Milanese o ka opera a hiki i 1955.

Ua kaulana like ʻo Giulini ma ke ʻano he opera a me ka symphony conductor, akā ʻo kāna hana ma ka hiki mua ke uhi i kahi manawa pōkole. I ka makahiki 1968, ha'alele 'o ia i ka opera a ho'i 'o ia i kekahi manawa ma ke keena ho'opa'a leo a ma Los Angeles i ka makahiki 1982 ke alaka'i 'o ia i ka Verdi's Falstaff. ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi kāna hana opera, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kekahi o nā protagonists o ka unuhi mele mele o ka iwakālua kenekulia: lawa ia e hoʻomanaʻo iā De Falla's A Short Life and The Italian Girl in Algiers. ʻO ka lohe ʻana iā Giulini, maopopo kahi i loaʻa mai ai ka pololei a me ka maopopo o nā wehewehe a Claudio Abbado.

Ua alakaʻi ʻo Giulini i nā mele mele a Verdi, ua nānā nui i nā mele Lūkini, a ua aloha i nā mea kākau o ka makahiki ʻumikumamāwalu. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i alakaʻi i ka Barber of Seville, i hana ʻia ma 1954 ma ke kīwī ʻo Milan. Ua hoʻolohe ʻo Maria Callas i kāna wand kilokilo (ma ka La Traviata kaulana i alakaʻi ʻia e Luchino Visconti). Ua hui ka luna alakaʻi nui a me ke alakaʻi alakaʻi nui ma nā hana a Don Carlos ma Covent Ganden a me The Marriage of Figaro ma Roma. ʻO nā ʻOpera i alakaʻi ʻia e Giulini me Monteverdi's Coronation of Poppea, Gluck's Alcesta, Weber's The Free Gunner, Cilea's Adrienne Lecouvreur, Stravinsky's The Marriage, a me Bartók's Castle of Duke Bluebeard. He ākea kona mau makemake, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia kāna symphonic repertoire, lōʻihi kona ola hana.

Ua alakaʻi ʻia ʻo Giulini ma La Scala a hiki i ka makahiki 1997 - he ʻumikūmākolu opera, hoʻokahi ballet a me kanalima mau ʻahamele. Mai ka makahiki 1968, ua hoihoi nui ʻia ʻo ia e nā mele symphonic. Ua makemake nā poʻe hoʻokani pila a pau ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika e pāʻani pū me ia. ʻO kāna hana mua ʻAmelika ma 1955 me ka Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Mai 1976 a i 1984, ʻo Giulini ke alakaʻi mau o ka Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. Ma ʻEulopa, ʻo ia ka Luna Nui o ka Vienna Symphony Orchestra mai 1973 a i 1976 a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua pāʻani ʻo ia me nā mea hoʻokani pila kaulana ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka poʻe i ʻike iā Giulini ma ka papa hoʻokele, ʻōlelo ʻo ia he ʻano haʻahaʻa, aneane ʻino. ʻAʻole pili ka maestro i nā mea hōʻikeʻike, makemake nui iā lākou iho i ke mele ma mua o ke mele i loko o lākou iho. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: “Ua make ke mele ma ka pepa. ʻO kā mākou hana he mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻōla i kēia makemakika kīnā ʻole o nā hōʻailona. Ua manaʻo ʻo Giulini iā ​​ia iho he kauā kūpaʻa a ka mea kākau mele: "ʻO ka unuhi ʻana he hana haʻahaʻa hohonu i ka mea haku mele."

ʻAʻole i huli ke poʻo o nā lanakila he nui. I nā makahiki hope loa o kāna ʻoihana, ua hāʻawi aku ka lehulehu o Parisa iā Giulini i kahi hoʻohiwahiwa kū no ka hapahā o ka hola no Verdi's Requiem, kahi i ʻōlelo ai ka Maestro: "Ua hauʻoli nui wau i hiki iaʻu ke hāʻawi i kahi aloha liʻiliʻi ma o ke mele."

Ua make ʻo Carlo Maria Giulini ma Brescia ma Iune 14, 2005. Ma mua koke o kona make ʻana, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Simon Rattle, "Pehea wau e alakaʻi ai iā Brahms ma hope o kā Giulini alakaʻi iā ia"?