Charles Gounod |

Charles Gounod

ʻO Gounod. Faust. “Le veau dor” (F. Chaliapin)

He puʻuwai hiki ke noʻonoʻo. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Sh. ʻO Gono

ʻO C. Gounod, ka mea kākau o ka opera kaulana o ka honua ʻo Faust, e noho ana i kekahi o nā wahi hanohano i waena o nā mea haku mele o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ua komoʻo ia i ka moʻolelo o ke mele ma keʻano he hoʻokahi o nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi kuhikuhi hou i keʻano opera, a ma hope iho i loaʻa ai ka inoa "lyric opera". I kēlā me kēia ʻano hana a ka haku mele, makemake mau ʻo ia i ka hoʻomohala melodic. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ʻo ke mele ke ʻano maʻemaʻe o ka manaʻo kanaka. Ua pili ka mana o Gounod i ka hana a nā haku mele ʻo J. Bizet lāua ʻo J. Massenet.

Ma ke mele, lanakila mau ʻo Gounod i ka mele; i ka opera, hana ka mea hoʻokani ma ke ʻano he haku o nā kiʻi mele a me kahi mea pena kiʻi koʻikoʻi, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā kūlana ola. Ma kona ʻano hōʻike, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka maʻalahi e noho pū me ka mākaukau haku haku kiʻekiʻe. No kēia mau ʻano i mahalo ai ʻo P. Tchaikovsky i ke mele a ka mea haku mele Farani, nāna i alakaʻi i ka opera Faust ma ka Pryanishnikov Theatre i ka makahiki 1892. Wahi a ia, ʻo Gounod "kekahi o ka poʻe liʻiliʻi i kā mākou manawa e kākau ʻaʻole mai nā manaʻo preconceived. , akā, mai ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā manaʻo.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Gounod ma ke ʻano he mea haku mele, nona nā opera 12, a ua hana ʻo ia i nā hana choral (oratorios, masses, cantatas), 2 symphonies, instrumental ensembles, piano piano, ʻoi aku ma mua o 140 romances a me nā mele, duets, mele no ka hale keaka. .

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Gounod i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi mea pena. I ka wā kamaliʻi, ua hōʻike ʻia kona hiki ke kaha kiʻi a me ke mele. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o kona makuakāne, ua mālama kona makuahine i ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana o kāna keiki (me nā mele). Ua aʻo ʻo Gounod i ka manaʻo mele me A. Reicha. ʻO ka manaʻo mua o ka hale opera, nāna i mālama i ka opera Otello a G. Rossini, i hoʻoholo i ke koho ʻana i kahi ʻoihana e hiki mai ana. Eia naʻe, ua aʻo ka makuahine e pili ana i ka hoʻoholo a kāna keiki a ʻike i nā pilikia ma ke ala o ka mea pena, ua hoʻāʻo e kūʻē.

Ua hoʻohiki ke alakaʻi o ka lyceum kahi i aʻo ai ʻo Gounod e kōkua iā ia e aʻo aku i kāna keiki e kūʻē i kēia hana noʻonoʻo. I ka wā hoʻomaha ma waena o nā papa, kāhea ʻo ia iā Gounod a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi ʻāpana pepa me kahi kikokikona Latin. ʻO ia ka kikokikona o kahi aloha mai ka opera a E. Megul. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻo Gounod i kēia hana. "Ma ka hoʻololi hou aʻe, ua kākau ʻia ke aloha ..." i hoʻomanaʻo ai ka mea hoʻokani. “ʻAʻole wau i hīmeni i ka hapalua o ka pauku mua i ka wā i ʻōlinolino ai ka helehelena o koʻu luna kānāwai. I koʻu hoʻopau ʻana, ʻōlelo mai ke alakaʻi: “E, e hele kāua i ka piano.” Ua lanakila wau! I kēia manawa e lako pono au. Ua nalo hou au i ka'u haku mele, a ua lanakila au ia Mr. Poirson me ka waimaka, hopu iho la i ko'u poo, honi ia'u a olelo aku: "E kuu keiki, e lilo oe i mea hookani pila!" ʻO nā kumu a Gounod ma Paris Conservatory nā mea hoʻokani pila kaulana ʻo F. Halévy, J. Lesueur a me F .Paer. Ma hope o ke kolu o ka ho'āʻo ʻana i ka makahiki 1839, ua lilo ʻo Gounod i mea nona ka makana Roma Nui no ka cantata Fernand.

Hōʻike ʻia ka wā mua o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana e ka predominance o nā hana ʻuhane. I ka makahiki 1843-48. ʻO Gounod ka mea hoʻokani keaka a me ka papa mele o ka Ekalesia o nā Misionari o nā ʻAina ʻē ma Paris. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e lawe i nā kauoha hemolele, akā i ka hopena o 40s. ma hope o ke kanalua lōʻihi, hoʻi hou i ke akamai. Mai ia manawa, ua lilo ke ʻano opera i ke ʻano alakaʻi ma ka hana a Gounod.

Ua hoʻokani ʻia ka opera Sappho mua (na E. Ogier i hoʻokuʻu ʻia) ma Paris ma ka Grand Opera ma ʻAukake 16, 1851. Ua kākau ʻia ka hapa nui no Pauline Viardot. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i noho ka opera ma ka papa hana keaka a ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o ka hana ʻehiku. Ua hāʻawi ʻo G. Berlioz i kahi loiloi weliweli o kēia hana ma ka nūpepa.

I nā makahiki ma hope mai, ua kākau ʻo Gounod i nā keaka The Bloody Nun (1854), The Reluctant Doctor (1858), Faust (1859). Ma ka "Faust" na IV Goethe, ua huki ʻia ka manaʻo o Gounod e ka manaʻo mai ka hapa mua o ka pāʻani.

I ka paʻi mua, ʻo ka opera, i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻokani ʻana ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Lyrique ma Palisa, loaʻa nā colloquial recitatives a me nā kūkākūkā. ʻAʻole a hiki i ka makahiki 1869 i hoʻonoho ʻia ai lākou i ke mele no ka hana ʻana ma Grand Opera, a ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka pō bale Walpurgis Night. ʻOiai ke kūleʻa nui o ka opera i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻohewa pinepine ka poʻe hoʻohewa i ka haku mele no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kumu moʻokalaleo a me ka poetic, e kālele ana i kahi lyrical episode mai ke ola o Faust lāua ʻo Margarita.

Ma hope o Faust, ua puka mai ʻo Philemon lāua ʻo Baucis (1860), a ua ʻaiʻē ʻia ka manaʻo mai Ovid's Metamorphoses; ʻO "The Queen of Sheba" (1862) i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka moʻolelo moʻolelo Arab na J. de Nerval; ʻO Mireil (1864) a me ka opera comic The Dove (1860), ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka lanakila i ka mea haku mele. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ua kānalua ʻo Gounod i kāna mau hana.

ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ʻelua o ka hana keaka a Gounod, ʻo ia ka opera Romeo a me Juliet (1867) (ma muli o W. Shakespeare). Ua hana ka haku mele me ka hoihoi nui. “Ke ike maopopo nei au ia laua elua imua o'u: Ke lohe nei au ia laua; aka, ua lawa anei ko'u ike ana? He ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua lohe pololei au i nā ipo ʻelua? Ua kākau ka haku mele i kāna wahine. Ua hoʻokani ʻia ʻo Romeo lāua ʻo Juliet i ka makahiki 1867 i ka makahiki o ka World Exhibition ma Paris ma ke kahua o ka Theatre Lyrique. He mea kūpono ia ma Rūsia (ma Moscow) i hana ʻia i 3 mau makahiki ma hope mai e nā mea pena o ka hui Italia, ua mele ʻia ka ʻāpana o Juliet e Desiree Artaud.

ʻAʻole kūleʻa loa nā keaka ʻo The Fifth of March, Polievkt, a me Zamora's Tribute (1881) ma hope o Romeo lāua ʻo Juliet. Ua ʻike hou ʻia nā makahiki hope o ke ola o ka haku mele e nā manaʻo kahuna pule. Ua huli ʻo ia i nā ʻano mele mele - ua hana ʻo ia i ka canvas nui "Atonement" (1882) a me ka oratorio "Death and Life" (1886), ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia, ma ke ʻano he hapa nui, me ka Requiem.

Aia i loko o ka hoʻoilina o Gounod he 2 mau hana, me he mea lā, e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i ke kālena o ka haku mele a hōʻike i kāna mau mea kākau moʻolelo koʻikoʻi. Hoʻolaʻa ʻia kekahi o lākou i ka opera a WA ​​Mozart "Don Giovanni", ʻo kekahi he memoir "Memoirs of an Artist", kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai nā ʻano hou o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o Gounod.

L. Kozhevnikova

ʻO kahi manawa koʻikoʻi o nā mele Farani e pili ana me ka inoa ʻo Gounod. Me ka haʻalele ʻole ʻana i nā haumāna pololei - ʻaʻole i komo ʻo Gounod i ke aʻo ʻana - ua nui kona mana i kona mau ʻōpio. Ua pili mua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hale keaka mele.

Ma ka 50s, i ka wā i komo ai ka "grand opera" i kahi wā pilikia a hoʻomaka e ola iā ia iho, ua puka mai nā ʻano hou i ka hale keaka mele. ʻO ke kiʻi aloha o ka manaʻo hoʻokiʻekiʻe, hoʻonui ʻia o kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoihoi i ke ola o kahi kanaka maʻamau, maʻamau, i ke ola a puni iā ​​​​ia, ma ke ʻano o nā manaʻo pili pili. Ma ke kahua o ka ʻōlelo mele, ua ʻike ʻia kēia e ka ʻimi ʻana i ka maʻalahi o ke ola, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ka pumehana o ka ʻōlelo, ka mele. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano demokalaka o ke mele, ke aloha, ka hula, ka hele wāwae, i ka ʻōnaehana hou o nā kani kani o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ia ka hopena o nā manaʻo maoli i hoʻoikaika ʻia i nā kiʻi Farani hou.

ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i nā loina hou o ka hana keaka mele a me nā ʻano hōʻike hou i hōʻike ʻia ma kekahi mau mele mele mele na Boildieu, Herold a me Halévy. Akā ua hōʻike piha ʻia kēia mau ʻano ma ka hopena o nā 50s a me nā 60s. Eia ka papa inoa o nā hana kaulana loa i hana ʻia ma mua o nā makahiki 70, hiki ke lilo i mau hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano hou o "lyrical opera" (hōʻike ʻia nā lā o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia mau hana):

1859 - "Faust" na Gounod, 1863 - "Pearl Seekers" Bizet, 1864 - "Mireille" Gounod, 1866 - "Minion" Thomas, 1867 - "Romeo and Juliet" Gounod, 1867 - "Nani o Perth" Bizet, 1868 - "Nani o Perth" Bizet “Hamlet” na Tom.

Me kekahi mau hoʻopaʻa ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā opera hope loa a Meyerbeer ʻo Dinora (1859) a me The African Woman (1865) i kēia ʻano.

ʻOiai nā ʻokoʻa, he mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau nā opera i helu ʻia. Aia ma waenakonu he kiʻi o kahi pāʻani pilikino. Hāʻawi ʻia ka delineation o nā manaʻo lyrical; no kā lākou hoʻouna ʻana, huli nui ka poʻe haku mele i ka mea aloha. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ke ʻano o ke kūlana maoli o ka hana, ʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻonui ai ke kuleana o nā ʻenehana generalization genre.

Akā no ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o kēia mau lanakila hou, ʻo ka lyric opera, ma ke ʻano he ʻano o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Farani o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua nele i ka laulā o kāna mau ʻike a me nā kiʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo o nā moʻolelo a Goethe a i ʻole nā ​​pōʻino a Shakespeare i "hōʻemi ʻia" ma ke kahua o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, loaʻa kahi hiʻohiʻona i kēlā me kēia lā - ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hana moʻokalaleo o ka manaʻo nui, ka ʻoi o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā paio o ke ola, a me kahi kikoʻī maoli o ka. kuko ino. No ka lyrical operas, no ka hapa nui, ua hōʻailona i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka realism ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kāna hōʻike piha koko. Eia naʻe, ʻo kā lākou hoʻokō kānalua ʻole democratization o ka ʻōlelo mele.

ʻO Gounod ka mea mua i waena o kona mau hoa i hiki ke hoʻohui i kēia mau ʻano maikaʻi o ka lyric opera. ʻO kēia ke koʻikoʻi mōʻaukala mau loa o kāna hana. ʻO ka hopu ʻana i ka hale kūʻai a me ke ʻano o ke mele o ke ola kūlanakauhale - ʻaʻole ia he kumu ʻole no nā makahiki ʻewalu (1852-1860) alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka Parisian "Orpheonists", - ua ʻike ʻo Gounod i nā ala hou o ke mele a me ka hōʻike dramatic i kūpono i nā koi o ka manawa. Ua ʻike ʻo ia ma ka opera Farani a me ke mele aloha i nā mea waiwai loa o nā mele "sociable", pololei a paʻakikī, i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā manaʻo democratic. Ua ʻōlelo pololei ʻo Tchaikovsky ʻo Gounod "kekahi o nā mea haku mele liʻiliʻi i kēia manawa i kākau ʻaʻole mai nā kumumanaʻo i manaʻo ʻia, akā mai ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā manaʻo." I nā makahiki i ulu ai kāna talena nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ka hapa ʻelua o nā makahiki 50 a me nā makahiki 60, ua noho nā kaikunāne Goncourt i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka palapala, ka mea i manaʻo iā lākou iho nā mea hoʻokumu i kahi kula kiʻi hou - ua kapa ʻia lākou ʻo " kula o ka naʻau makaʻu." Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Gounod i loko.

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka "sensibility" kahi kumu o ka ikaika wale nō, akā no ka nāwaliwali o Gounod. Ma muli o ka hopohopo i nā manaʻo o ke ola, ua maʻalahi ʻo ia i nā manaʻo ideological like ʻole, paʻa ʻole ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kanaka a he mea pena. Ua piha kona ʻano i nā kūʻēʻē: a i ʻole ʻo ia i kūlou haʻahaʻa i kona poʻo i mua o ka hoʻomana, a i ka makahiki 1847-1848 ua makemake ʻo ia e lilo i ʻAbota, a i ʻole ua hāʻawi loa ʻo ia i nā kuko honua. I ka makahiki 1857, ua kokoke ʻo Gounod i kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi, akā i ka makahiki 60 ua hana nui ʻo ia, me ka huahua. I nā makahiki he ʻelua e hiki mai ana, hāʻule hou ʻo ia ma lalo o ka mana ikaika o nā manaʻo kahuna pule, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kū i ka laina me nā kuʻuna holomua.

ʻAʻole paʻa ʻo Gounod i kāna mau kūlana hana - wehewehe kēia i ka like ʻole o kāna mau hana kiʻi. Ma luna o nā mea a pau, mahalo i ka nani a me ka maʻalahi o ka ʻōlelo, ua hana ʻo ia i nā mele ola, e noʻonoʻo pono ana i ka loli o nā kūlana noʻonoʻo, piha i ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka nani. Akā pinepine ka ikaika maoli a me ka piha o ka ʻōlelo i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kūʻē o ke ola, ʻo ia hoʻi, he aha ke ʻano o ʻike Bizet, ʻaʻole lawa tālena ʻO Gounod. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo i kekahi manawa ua komo i loko o ke mele o ka hope, a ua pani ka leʻaleʻa melodic i ka hohonu o ka ʻike.

Eia nō naʻe, i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua o ka mele Farani, ua hana nui ʻo Gounod no nā kiʻi Lūkini, a ʻo kāna opera Faust i kona kaulana i hiki ke hoʻokūkū me ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Farani o ke kenekulia XNUMX - ʻO Carmen ʻo Bizet. Me kēia hana, ua kākau ʻo Gounod i kona inoa ma ka moʻolelo o Farani wale nō, akā, ʻo ka moʻomeheu mele honua.

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ʻO ka mea kākau o ʻumikūmālua mau opera, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau mele, he helu nui o nā mele ʻuhane āna i hoʻomaka ai a hoʻopau i kāna ʻoihana, he nui o nā mea kani (me ʻekolu symphonies, ka hope no nā mea kani makani), ua hānau ʻia ʻo Charles Gounod ma Iune 17. , 1818. He mea pena kona makuakāne, he mea hoʻokani pila kona makuahine. ʻO ke ʻano o ke ola ʻana o ka ʻohana, kāna mau makemake kiʻi ākea i hāpai i nā manaʻo noʻeau o Gounod. Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻenehana haku mele maʻamau mai kekahi mau kumu me nā manaʻo hoʻomohala like ʻole (Antonin Reicha, Jean-Francois Lesueur, Fromental Halévy). Ma ke ʻano he laureate o ka Paris Conservatoire (ua lilo ʻo ia i haumāna i ka makahiki ʻumikūmāhiku), noho ʻo Gounod i 1839-1842 ma Italia, a laila - pōkole - ma Vienna a me Kelemānia. Ua ikaika nā manaʻo kiʻi mai Italia mai, akā ua hoʻohaumia ʻo Gounod me nā mele Italia o kēia wā. Akā, ua hāʻuleʻo ia ma lalo o ka manaʻo o Schumann a me Mendelssohn,ʻaʻole i hala ka mana me kaʻikeʻole iā ia.

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 50, ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o Gounod i ke ola mele o Paris. ʻO kāna keaka mua, ʻo Sappho, i hoʻomaka mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1851; ukali ʻia e ka opera The Bloodied Nun i ka makahiki 1854. ʻO nā hana ʻelua, i hana ʻia ma ka Grand Opera, ua hōʻailona ʻia e ka unevenness, melodrama, a me ka pretentiousness o ke ʻano. ʻAʻole lākou i holomua. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka "Kauka me ka makemake ʻole" (e like me Molière), i hōʻike ʻia ma 1858 ma ka "Lyric Theatre": ʻo ka moʻolelo mele, ke ʻano maoli o ka hana, ke ola o nā mea i hoʻāla i nā ʻaoʻao hou o ke kālena a Gounod. Ua hōʻike ikaika lākou i ka hana aʻe. ʻO Faust ia, i hoʻokani ʻia ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni hoʻokahi i ka makahiki 1859. Ua lōʻihi ka manawa no ka poʻe e aloha ai i ka opera a ʻike i kona ʻano hou. He ʻumi makahiki wale nō ma hope mai, ua komo ʻo ia i Grand Orera, a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā kamaʻilio kumu me nā recitatives a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā kiʻi ballet. I ka makahiki 1887, ua mālama ʻia ka hana ʻelima haneli a Faust ma ʻaneʻi, a i ka makahiki 1894 ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻia kāna hana hoʻokani tausani (i ka makahiki 1932 - ʻelua tausani). (ʻO ka hana mua o Faust ma Rusia i hana ʻia ma 1869.)

Ma hope o kēia hana akamai i kākau ʻia, i ka makahiki 60, ua haku ʻo Gounod i ʻelua mau mele mele mele mediocre, a me The Queen of Sheba, i kākoʻo ʻia ma ka ʻuhane o Scribe-Meyerbeer dramaturgy. I ka huli ʻana i ka makahiki 1863 i ka mele a ka haku mele Provençal ʻo Frederic Mistral "Mireil", ua hana ʻo Gounod i kahi hana, he nui nā ʻaoʻao i hōʻike ʻia, hopu ʻia me nā lyricism maʻalahi. Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi o ke ʻano a me ke ola kuaʻāina ma ka hema o Farani i kahi mele mele (e nānā i nā papa mele o nā hana I a IV). Ua hoʻopuka ka mea haku mele i nā mele Provençal maoli i kāna helu; ʻO kahi laʻana ka mele aloha kahiko "Oh, Magali", kahi mea nui i ka dramaturgy o ka opera. ʻO ke kiʻi kikowaena o ke kaikamahine mahiʻai ʻo Mireil, ka mea e make ana i ka hakakā ʻana no ka hauʻoli me kāna mea aloha, ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke mele a Gounod, kahi i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka plethora juicy, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka nani o Bizet's Arlesian, kahi i lawe ʻia ai ka lewa o Provence me ka hemolele kupaianaha.

ʻO ka opera ʻo Romeo lāua ʻo Juliet ka hopena hope loa a Gounod. Ua hana ʻia kona hoʻomaka mua ʻana i ka makahiki 1867 a ua hōʻailona ʻia e ka kūleʻa nui - i loko o ʻelua mau makahiki he kanaiwa mau hana. ʻOiai pōʻino Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Shakespeare ma ka ʻuhane keaka mele, ʻO nā helu maikaʻi loa o ka opera - a ʻo kēia mau mea e pili ana i nā duets ʻehā o nā mea nui (ma ka pōleʻa, ma ka lāʻau, ma ka lumi moe o Juliet a ma ka crypt), Juliet's waltz, Romeo's cavatina - loaʻa kēlā manaʻo koke, ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka heluhelu ʻana. a me ka nani melodic i hiʻohiʻona o kēlā me kēia kaila Gounod.

ʻO nā hana mele a me nā hana keaka i kākau ʻia ma hope o ia mea e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pilikia ideological a me ka noʻonoʻo i ka hana a ka mea haku mele, i pili pū me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā mea kākau i kāna ʻike honua. I nā makahiki he ʻumikumamālua i hala o kona ola ʻana, ʻaʻole kākau ʻo Gounod i nā keaka. Ua make ʻo ia ma ʻOkakopa 18, 1893.

No laila, ʻo "Faust" kāna hana maikaʻi loa. He hiʻohiʻona maʻamau kēia o ka lyric opera Farani, me kona mau pono āpau a me kekahi o kāna mau hemahema.

M. Druskin

Nā Hāʻawina

ʻOpera (ka huina 12) (Aia nā lā i loko o ka pale)

Sappho, libretto na Ogier (1851, nā puke hou - 1858, 1881) The Bloodied Nun, libretto na Scribe and Delavigne (1854) The Unwitting Doctor, libretto na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1858) Faust, libretto na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1859, hou. paʻi - 1869) ʻO ka Dove, libretto na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1860) Philemon lāua ʻo Baucis, libretto na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1860, paʻi hou - 1876) "The Empress of Savskaya", libretto na Barbier and Carre (1862) Mireille, libretto na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1864, paʻi hou – 1874) Romeo lāua ʻo Juliet, libretto na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1867, paʻi hou – 1888) Saint-Map, libretto na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1877) Polyeuct, libretto na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1878) ) "The Day of Zamora", libretto na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1881)

Mele ma ke keaka keaka ʻO nā mele i ka pōʻino o Ponsard "Odysseus" (1852) Nā mele no ka pāʻani Legouwe "ʻElua Queens of France" (1872) Music for Barbier's play Joan of Arc (1873)

Palapala uhane 14 nui, 3 requiems, "Stabat mater", "Te Deum", he mau oratorio (i waena o lākou - "Atonement", 1881; "Death and Life", 1884), 50 mau mele ʻuhane, ma luna o 150 mau mele a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Mele leo ʻOi aku ma mua o 100 mau mele a me nā mele (nā mea maikaʻi loa i paʻi ʻia ma 4 mau hōʻiliʻili o 20 romances i kēlā me kēia), nā duets leo, nā hui mele kāne 4-leo (no nā "orpheonists"), cantata "Gallia" a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Nā hana symphonic First Symphony in D major (1851) Second Symphony Es-dur (1855) Little Symphony no nā mea kani (1888) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Eia kekahi, he mau ʻāpana no ka piano a me nā mea kani ʻē aʻe, nā hui keʻena

palapala palapala "Memoirs of an Artist" (posthumously published), he mau ʻatikala