Johann Nepomuk Hummel |

Johann Nepomuk Hummel

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Hummel ma Nowemapa 14, 1778 ma Pressburg, a laila ke kapikala o Hungary. Noho kona ʻohana ma Unterstinkenbrunn, kahi pā hale liʻiliʻi ma Lower Austria kahi i mālama ai ke kupuna kāne o Hummel i kahi hale ʻaina. Ua hānau ʻia ka makua kāne o ke keikikāne, ʻo Johannes, ma kēia pā hale.

Ua loaʻa iā Nepomuk Hummel ka pepeiao maikaʻi loa no ka mele i nā makahiki ʻekolu, a mahalo i kona hoihoi nui i kēlā me kēia ʻano mele, i ka makahiki ʻelima ua loaʻa iā ia kahi piano liʻiliʻi mai kona makuakāne mai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke ala. , malama me ka mahalo a hiki i kona make ana.

Mai 1793 noho ʻo Nepomuk ma Vienna. ʻO kona makuakāne i kēlā manawa i lawelawe ma ʻaneʻi ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi mele o ka hale keaka. I nā makahiki mua o kona noho ʻana ma ke kapikala, ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Nepomuk i loko o ke kaiāulu, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka mele. ʻO ka mea mua, lawe ʻo kona makuakāne iā ia iā Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, kekahi o nā kumu a Beethoven, e aʻo i ka counterpoint, a ma hope aku i ka luna hoʻokolokolo ʻo Antonio Salieri, kahi āna i lawe ai i nā haʻawina hīmeni a lilo ʻo ia i hoaaloha pili loa a ʻo ia hoʻi he hōʻike ma ka male. A i ʻAukake i ka makahiki 1795, lilo ʻo ia i haumāna na Joseph Haydn, nāna i hoʻolauna iā ia i ka ʻoka. ʻOiai i loko o kēia mau makahiki ʻaʻole i hoʻokani ʻo Hummel i nā pōʻai pilikino ma ke ʻano he pianist, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1799 ʻo ia kekahi o nā virtuosos kaulana loa o kona manawa, ʻo kāna hoʻokani piano, e like me ka poʻe o kēia wā, he kū hoʻokahi, a ʻaʻole hiki iā Beethoven ke hoʻohālikelike me ia. Ua hūnā ʻia kēia akamai akamai o ka wehewehe ʻana ma hope o kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻike ʻole. He pōkole ʻo ia, ʻoi aku ke kaumaha, me kahi maka i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ua uhi piha ʻia me nā pockmarks, ka mea e ʻāwīwī pinepine ai me ka makaʻu ʻole, kahi i hōʻoluʻolu ʻole i ka poʻe hoʻolohe.

I kēlā mau makahiki hoʻokahi, hoʻomaka ʻo Hummel e hoʻokani me kāna mau haku ponoʻī. A inā ʻo kāna mau fugues a me nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻohuli wale i ka manaʻo, a laila ua kaulana loa ka rondo iā ia.

Me he mea lā, mahalo iā Haydn, ma Ianuali 1804, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Hummel i ka hale pule ʻo Prince Esterhazy ma Eisenstadt ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila me ka uku makahiki o 1200 guilders.

No kona ʻaoʻao, he mahalo palena ʻole ʻo Hummel i kāna hoaaloha a me kāna kahu, āna i hōʻike ai ma kāna sonata piano ʻo Es-dur i hoʻolaʻa iā Haydn. Me kahi sonata ʻē aʻe, ʻo Alleluia, a me kahi fantasia no ka piano, ua kaulana ʻo Hummel ma Farani ma hope o ka concerto a Cherubini ma Paris Conservatoire i ka makahiki 1806.

I ka makahiki 1805, ua koho ʻia ʻo Heinrich Schmidt, ka mea i hana ma Weimar me Goethe, i luna hoʻomalu o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma Eisenstadt, ua ola hou ke ola mele ma ka ʻaha; ua hoʻomaka nā hana maʻamau ma ke kahua hou o ka hale nui o ka hale aliʻi. Ua kōkua ʻo Hummel i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i ʻae ʻia i kēlā manawa - mai nā keaka like ʻole, nā moʻolelo moʻolelo, nā ballet a i nā keaka koʻikoʻi. ʻO kēia hana hoʻokani mele i hana nui ʻia i ka manawa āna i noho ai ma Eisenstadt, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā makahiki 1804-1811. No ka mea, ua kākau ʻia kēia mau hana, ʻoiai, ma ke komisina wale nō, i ka hapa nui o nā manawa me ka palena manawa nui a e like me ka makemake o ka lehulehu o ia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki i kāna mau keaka ke lanakila mau. Akā, nui nā hana mele i kaulana loa i ka poʻe hoʻolohe keaka.

I ka hoʻi ʻana i Vienna i ka makahiki 1811, ua hoʻolaʻa wale ʻo Hummel iā ia iho i ka haku mele a me nā haʻawina mele a ʻaʻole loa i hōʻike ʻia i mua o ka lehulehu ma ke ʻano he piano.

Ma ka lā 16 o Mei, 1813, ua mare ʻo Hummel iā Elisabeth Rekel, he mea hīmeni ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Vienna Court, ke kaikuahine o ka mea mele keaka ʻo Joseph August Rekel, ka mea i kaulana no kona pilina me Beethoven. ʻO kēia maleʻana i kōkua i kaʻoiaʻiʻo ua hele kokeʻo Hummel i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu Viennese. I ka pūnāwai o 1816, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā hakakā, ua hele ʻo ia i kahi huakaʻi ʻahamele i Prague, Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin a me Breslau, ua ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻatikala koʻikoʻi a pau "mai ka wā o Mozart, ʻaʻohe mea pianist i hauʻoli i ka. lehulehu e like me Hummel.

No ka mea ua like ke mele keena i ia manawa me ka hale mele, pono ia e hoʻololi iā ia iho i ke anaina ākea inā makemake ʻo ia e holomua. Ua kākau ka mea haku mele i ka septet kaulana, i hana mua ʻia me ka lanakila nui ma Ianuali 28, 1816 e ka mea hoʻokani pila o ke keʻena aliʻi Bavarian ʻo Rauch ma kahi ʻahamele home. Ma hope mai ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka hana maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa a Hummel. Wahi a ka mea haku mele Kelemānia ʻo Hans von Bulow, ʻo ia ka "hoʻohālike maikaʻi loa o ka hui ʻana i ʻelua mau ʻano mele, ʻaha mele a me ke keʻena, aia i loko o nā palapala mele." Me kēia septet i hoʻomaka ai ka manawa hope o ka hana a Hummel. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana, ua hoʻoponopono ʻo ia i kāna mau hana no nā haku mele like ʻole, no ka mea, e like me Beethoven, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hilinaʻi i kēia mea i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.

Ma ke ala, ua pili aloha ʻo Hummel me Beethoven. ʻOiai i nā manawa like ʻole he mau kuʻikahi koʻikoʻi ma waena o lākou. I ka wā i haʻalele ai ʻo Hummel iā Vienna, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Beethoven i kahi canon iā ia no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka manawa i hui pū ʻia ma Vienna me nā huaʻōlelo: "Hauʻoli huakaʻi, e Hummel aloha, e hoʻomanaʻo i kekahi manawa i kāu hoaaloha ʻo Ludwig van Beethoven."

Ma hope o ʻelima mau makahiki i noho ai ma Vienna ma ke ʻano he kumu mele, ma ka lā 16 o Kepakemapa, 1816, ua kono ʻia ʻo ia i Stuttgart ma ke ʻano he luna hoʻokolokolo, kahi āna i hoʻokani ai i nā keaka na Mozart, Beethoven, Cherubini a me Salieri ma ka hale keaka a hoʻokani ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he piano.

ʻEkolu makahiki ma hope mai, neʻe ka haku mele i Weimar. Ua loaʻa i ke kūlanakauhale, me ke aliʻi ʻole o ka poʻe haku mele ʻo Goethe, kahi hōkū hou ma ke kino o ka Hummel kaulana. Ua kākau ʻo Beniowski ka mea kākau moʻolelo o Hummel no kēlā manawa: "ʻO ka kipa ʻana iā Weimar a ʻaʻole hoʻolohe iā Hummel, ua like ia me ke kipa ʻana iā Roma a ʻike ʻole i ka Pope." Ua hoʻomaka nā haumāna e hele mai iā ia mai nā wahi a pau o ka honua. ʻO kona kaulana ma ke ʻano he kumu mele he mea koʻikoʻi loa ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kāna haumāna no ka ʻoihana e hiki mai ana o kahi mea hoʻokani pila.

Ma Weimar, ua hōʻea ʻo Hummel i ke kiʻekiʻe o kona kaulana ʻEulopa. Ma ʻaneʻi ua hana ʻo ia i kahi holomua maoli ma hope o nā makahiki hoʻomohala hua ʻole ma Stuttgart. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻomaka e ka haku mele ʻana o ka sonata fis-moll kaulana, ʻo ia ka mea, e like me Robert Schumann, e lawa ia e hoʻomau i ka inoa ʻo Hummel. I loko o nā ʻōlelo noʻonoʻo hoʻonāukiuki, "a ma ke ʻano aloha nui, ʻaneʻane ʻelua mau makahiki ma mua o kona manawa a ke manaʻo nei i nā hopena kani i loaʻa i ka hana aloha hope." Akā ʻo nā trios piano ʻekolu o kāna manawa hope loa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻoi aku ka opus 83, loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona stylistic hou loa; ke kāʻalo ʻana i kona mau mua ʻo Haydn lāua ʻo Mozart, huli ʻo ia ma ʻaneʻi i kahi pāʻani "mālamalama".

ʻO ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi ʻo ka quintet piano es-moll, i hoʻopau ʻia paha i ka makahiki 1820, ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka hōʻike mele ʻaʻole nā ​​mea o ka improvisation a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻonaninani, akā hana ma ke kumuhana a me ke mele. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo Hungarian folkloric, ʻoi aku ka makemake no ka pianoforte, a me ka maʻalahi i ka mele mele kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona mele e hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano hope o Hummel.

Ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi ma ka ʻaha Weimar, ua hoʻomaha mua ʻo Hummel i Malaki 1820 e hele i kahi huakaʻi ʻahamele i Prague a laila i Vienna. Ma ke ala hoʻi, hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi ʻahamele ma Munich, kahi kūleʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻElua makahiki ma hope mai ua hele ʻo ia i Rusia, i ka makahiki 1823 i Paris, kahi, ma hope o ka ʻaha mele ma Mei 23, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "ka Mozart hou o Kelemānia." I ka makahiki 1828, ua hele ʻia kekahi o kāna mau ʻahamele ma Warsaw e ka ʻōpio ʻo Chopin, ka mea i hoʻopio maoli ʻia e ka haku hoʻokani. ʻO kāna huakaʻi ʻaha mele hope loa - i Vienna - ua hana ʻo ia me kāna wahine i Pepeluali 1834.

Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā pule hope loa o kona ola ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā quartets string piano a Beethoven, i kauoha ʻia iā ia ma Ladana, kahi āna i manaʻo ai e paʻi. Ua luhi ka maʻi i ka haku mele, ua haʻalele mālie kona ikaika iā ia, a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i kāna mau manaʻo.

Ma kahi o hoʻokahi pule ma mua o kona make ʻana, ma ke ala, ua kamaʻilio ʻia e pili ana iā Goethe a me ke ʻano o kona make ʻana. Ua makemake ʻo Hummel e ʻike i ka wā i make ai ʻo Goethe - i ke ao a i ka pō. I mai la lakou ia ia: "I ke ahiahi." "ʻAe," wahi a Hummel, "inā make wau, makemake wau e hana i ka lā." Ua hookoia keia makemake hope loa: ma ka la 17 o Okatoba, 1837, i ka hora 7 o ke kakahiaka, i ka wanaao, ua make oia.