Darius Milhaud |

ʻO Darius Milhaud

Nui ka poʻe i hāʻawi iā ia i ka inoa o ke akamai, a he nui ka poʻe i manaʻo iā ia he charlatan nona ka pahuhopu nui e "hoʻohoihoi i ka bourgeois." M. Bauer

Ua kākau ʻo Creativity D. Milhaud i kahi ʻaoʻao ʻālohilohi a waihoʻoluʻu i ka mele Farani o ke kenekulia XX. Ua hōʻike maopopo ʻia a ʻike maopopo i ka ʻike honua o nā makahiki 20 ma hope o ke kaua, a ʻo ka inoa ʻo Milhaud i ke kikowaena o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mele-koʻikoʻi o ia manawa.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Milhaud ma ka hema o Farani; Ua paʻi mau ʻia ka moʻolelo Provencal a me ke ʻano o kona ʻāina hānau i loko o ka ʻuhane o ka mea haku mele a hoʻopiha i kāna kiʻi me ka ʻono kūʻokoʻa o ke Kaiwaenahonua. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu mua o ka mele i pili me ka violin, kahi i aʻo mua ai ʻo Milhaud ma Aix, a mai 1909 ma Paris Conservatory me Bertelier. Akā ʻaʻole i liuliu, ua lilo ka makemake i ke kākau ʻana. Ma waena o nā kumu o Milhaud ʻo P. Dukas, A. Gedalzh, C. Vidor, a me V. d'Andy pū kekahi (ma ka Schola cantorum).

I nā hana mua (romances, chamber ensembles), ʻike ʻia ka mana impressionism o C. Debussy. Ke hoʻomohala nei i ka moʻomeheu Farani (H. Berlioz, J. Bazet, Debussy), ua lilo ʻo Milhaud i mea hoʻokipa nui i nā mele Lūkini - M. Mussorgsky, I. Stravinsky. Na Stravinsky's ballets (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo The Rite of Spring, ka mea i hoʻokūhoihoi i ka honua mele holoʻokoʻa) i kōkua i ka haku mele ʻōpio e ʻike i nā ʻano hou.

ʻOiai i nā makahiki kaua, ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana 2 mua o ka opera-oratorio trilogy "Oresteia: Agamemnon" (1914) a me "Choephors" (1915); Ua kākau ʻia ka ʻāpana 3 o ka Eumenides ma hope (1922). I loko o ka trilogy, haʻalele ka mea haku mele i ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo a loaʻa i kahi ʻōlelo hou a maʻalahi. Lilo ke mele i mea e pono ai no ka hoike ana (no laila, hookani pinepine ia ka himeni me na mea kani). ʻO kekahi o nā Milhaud mua i hoʻohana ma aneʻi i ka hui pū ʻana o nā kī like ʻole (polytonality) e hoʻonui ai i ke ʻano o ke kani. Ua unuhi ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia ka kikokikona o ka pōʻino o Aeschylus e ka mea kākau pāʻani kaulana Farani ʻo P. Claudel, he hoaaloha a me Milhaud manaʻo like no nā makahiki he nui. "Ua ʻike wau iaʻu iho ma ka paepae o kahi hana koʻikoʻi a olakino ... kahi e manaʻo ai kekahi i ka mana, ka ikaika, ka ʻuhane a me ke aloha i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā kaulahao. ʻO kēia ka hana a Paul Claudel!” hoʻomanaʻo ka haku mele.

I ka makahiki 1916, ua koho ʻia ʻo Claudel i ʻelele i Brazil, a ʻo Milhaud, ʻo ia ke kākau ʻōlelo pilikino, hele pū me ia. Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Milhaud i kona mahalo no ka ʻōlinolino o nā kala o ke ʻano ʻano ʻāina, ka exoticism a me ka waiwai o ka moʻolelo ʻAmelika Latin ma Brazilian Dances, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai nā mele mele a me ka hoʻokani pila i ka leo i kahi ʻoi a me nā mea ʻala. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka Ballet Man and His Desire (1918, kākau ʻia e Claudel) e ka hula a V. Nijinsky, nāna i kaʻapuni iā ​​Rio de Janeiro me S. Diaghilev's Russian ballet troupe.

Ke hoʻi nei i Paris (1919), ua hui pū ʻo Milhaud i ka hui "Six", nā mea hoʻoulu manaʻo i ka haku mele ʻo E. Satie a me ka mea haku mele ʻo J. Cocteau. Ua kū'ē nā lālā o kēia pūʻulu i ka hōʻike hoʻonui o ka romanticism a me ka fluctuations impressionistic, no ka hana "honua", ke ʻano o "nā lā āpau". Hoʻokomo nā leo o ke kenekulia XNUMX i loko o ke mele o nā mea haku mele: nā mele o ka ʻenehana a me ka hale mele.

ʻO ka nui o nā ballets i hana ʻia e Milhaud i nā makahiki 20 e hoʻohui i ka ʻuhane o ka eccentricity, kahi hana clown. Ma ka ballet Bull on the Roof (1920, script na Cocteau), e hōʻike ana i kahi pā ʻAmelika i nā makahiki o ka pāpā ʻana, lohe ʻia nā mele o nā hula hou, e like me ka tango. Ma The Creation of the World (1923), ua huli ʻo Milhaud i ke ʻano jazz, e lawe ana i kumu hoʻohālike i ka orchestra o Harlem (ka Negro quarter of New York), ua hui ka mea haku mele me nā mea hoʻokani pila o kēia ʻano i kāna huakaʻi ʻana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma ka ballet "Salad" (1924), e ho'āla hou ana i ka moʻomeheu o ka comedy o nā masks, nā leo mele Italia kahiko.

ʻOkoʻa nā ʻimi a Milhaud ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano hana. E kūʻē i ke kua o nā keʻena keʻena (The Sufferings of Orpheus, The Poor Sailor, etc.) ke kū nei i ka monumental drama Christopher Columbus (ma hope o Claudel), ka piko o ka hana a ka haku mele. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hana no ke keaka mele i kākau ʻia i nā makahiki 20. I kēia manawa, ua hana pū ʻia nā symphonies 6 chamber, sonatas, quartets, etc.

Ua kaapuni nui ka haku mele. I ka makahiki 1926 ua kipa 'o ia i ka USSR. ʻO kāna mau hana ma Moscou a me Leningrad ʻaʻole i haʻalele i kekahi. Wahi a ka poʻe ʻike maka, "ua huhū kekahi, ua pilikia kekahi, ua maikaʻi kekahi, a ua hauʻoli hoʻi nā ʻōpio."

I ka makahiki 30, hoʻokokoke ka hana a Milhaud i nā pilikia wela o ke ao hou. Me R. Rolland. Ua komo ʻo L. Aragon a me kona mau hoa, nā lālā o ka hui ʻeono, ʻo Milhaud i ka hana a ka People's Musical Federation (mai ka makahiki 1936), ke kākau ʻana i nā mele, nā mele, a me nā cantatas no nā hui amateur a me ka lehulehu ākea o ka poʻe. Ma nā cantatas, huli ʻo ia i nā kumuhana kanaka ("Death of a Tyrant", "Peace Cantata", "War Cantata", etc.). Hoʻokumu pū ka mea haku mele i nā pāʻani pāʻani hoihoi no nā keiki, nā mele no nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā pūʻali Nazi ma Farani i koi aku iā Milhaud e neʻe i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (1940), kahi i huli ai ʻo ia i ke aʻo ʻana ma Mills College (kokoke i Los Angeles). I kona lilo ʻana i polopeka ma ka Paris Conservatory (1947) i kona hoʻi ʻana i kona ʻāina hānau, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻo Milhaud i kāna hana ma ʻAmelika a hele mau i laila.

Nui aʻe kona hoihoi ʻana i nā mele mea kani. Ma hope o ʻeono symphonies no ke keʻena haku mele (i hana ʻia ma 1917-23), ua kākau ʻo ia i 12 mau symphonies hou aʻe. ʻO Milhaud ka mea kākau o 18 quartets, orchestral suites, overtures a me nā concerto he nui: no ka piano (5), viola (2), cello (2), violin, oboe, harp, harpsichord, percussion, marimba and vibraphone with orchestra. ʻAʻole nāwaliwali ka makemake o Milhaud i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hakakā ʻana no ke kūʻokoʻa (ʻo ka opera Bolivar - 1943; ʻO ka Symphony ʻEhā, i kākau ʻia no ke kenekulia o ke kipi o 1848; ka cantata Castle of Fire - 1954, i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia. fascism, puhi ʻia i nā kahua hoʻomoana).

Ma waena o nā hana o nā makahiki he kanakolu i hala iho nei, he mau mele i loko o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole: ka monumental epic opera David (1952), i kākau ʻia no ka 3000th anniversary o Ierusalema, ka opera-oratorio St. mother ”(1970, ma hope o P. Beaumarchais), he mau ballet (me ka " The Bells "na E. Poe), he nui nā mea kani.

Ua noho ʻo Milhaud i nā makahiki i hala ma Geneva, e hoʻomau ana i ka haku a me ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana o kāna puke autobiographical, My Happy Life.

K. Zenkin

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