Hoʻokaʻawale |
Dissonance (French dissonance, mai Latin dissono - kani au i waho o ke kani) - ke kani o nā leo "ʻaʻole e hui" kekahi me kekahi (ʻaʻole pono eʻikeʻia me ka dissonance ma keʻano he leo aesthetically ʻae ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka cacophony). ʻO ka manaʻo o "D." hoʻohana kūʻē i ka consonance. D. e hoʻokomo i nā kekona nui a me nā kekona liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻehiku, tritone, a me nā mea hoʻonui ʻē aʻe. a e ho'ēmi i nā wā āpau, a me nā chord a pau e komo ana i hoʻokahi o kēia mau wā. ʻO ka hā maʻemaʻe - kahi consonance kūpono ʻole - ua unuhi ʻia he dissonance inā hoʻokomo ʻia kona leo haʻahaʻa i ka bass.
Noʻonoʻo ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka consonance a me D. ma nā ʻano 4: makemakika, kino (acoustic), physiological, a me musical-psychological. Mai ka makemakika D. o ka manaʻo he lākiō paʻakikī o nā helu (vibrations, lōʻihi o nā kaula kani) ma mua o ka consonance. No ka laʻana, o nā consonances a pau, ʻo ka hapakolu liʻiliʻi ka lākiō paʻakikī loa o nā helu vibration (5:6), akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kēlā me kēia D. ʻO ka lua ka 5: 9 a i ʻole 9: 16, etc.). Acoustically, hōʻike ʻia ka dissonance i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā manawa o ka hana pinepine ʻana i nā hui o nā haʻalulu (no ka laʻana, me ka hapalima maʻemaʻe o 8: 9, hana hou ʻia ma hope o 9 vibrations, a me kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi - 10: 3 - ma hope o 2). a me ka pilikia o loko. nā pilina ma loko o ka hui. Mai kēia mau manaʻo, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka consonance a me ka dissonance he quantitative wale nō (a ma waena o nā wā dissonant like ʻole), a ʻo ka palena ma waena o lākou he kūlana. Mai ka manaʻo mele D. psychology i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka consonance - ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kani, paʻa ʻole, hōʻike i ka manaʻo, ka neʻe. I ka ʻōnaehana modal Europa o ka Middle Ages a me ka Renaissance, ʻoi aku hoʻi i loko o nā funkts hope. nā ʻōnaehana o ka nui a me ka liʻiliʻi, nā ʻano. ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka consonance a me ka dynamism hiki i ke degere o ke kū'ē, ʻokoʻa, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu o nā muses. noonoo ana. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano haʻahaʻa o ke kani o ka D. e pili ana i ka consonance i ka hoʻololi kūlohelohe o ka D. (kona hoʻonā) i ka consonance pili.
Muses. Ua noʻonoʻo mau ka hana i ka ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai o ka consonance a me D. A hiki i ke kenekulia 17. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo D., ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ma lalo o ke ʻano o kona hoʻouna piha ʻana i ka consonance - hoʻomākaukau pono a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana (e pili ana kēia i ka polyphony i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka palapala ikaika" o nā kenekulia 15-16). I nā kenekulia 17-19. ʻO ke kānāwai ka ʻae wale nō D. Mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19. a ʻoi aku hoʻi i ke kenekulia 20. Hoʻohana kaʻawale ʻia ʻo D. me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻole a me ka ʻae ʻole ("hoʻokuʻu ʻia" o D.). Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka pāpā ʻana o ka hoʻopālua ʻana o ka octave i ka dodecaphony e like me ka pāpā ʻana i nā leo dissonant pālua i nā kūlana o ka dissonance mau.
Проблема Д. ʻo ia kekahi o ke kikowaena o nā muses. kumumanaʻo. Ua ʻaiʻē ka poʻe loea o ka Middle Ages i nā manaʻo kahiko e pili ana iā D. (ʻaʻole lākou i komo wale i kekona a me ka ʻehiku, akā ʻo ke kolu a me ke ono). ʻO Franco o Cologne (ke kenekulia 13) i kākau inoa i ka hui D. nui a me ka liʻiliʻi ke ono ("imperfect D."). I ke mele. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo o ka hopena o ka Middle Ages (12-13 mau kenekulia) ua pau ka manaʻo ʻia ʻo D. и перешли в разряд консонансов («несовершенных»). Ma ke aʻo ʻana o ka counterpoint "kākau paʻa" 15-16 mau kenekulia. D. ua manaʻo ʻia he hoʻololi ʻana mai kekahi consonance a i kekahi, a he polygonal kekahi. Hoʻopili ʻia nā consonances ma ke ʻano he hui pū ʻana o nā wā kū pololei (punctus contra punctum); ʻO kahi kuata e pili ana i ka leo haʻahaʻa i manaʻo ʻia ʻo D. Ma ka ʻaoʻao kaumaha o D. ua unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he paʻa mākaukau, ma ka māmā - ma ke ʻano he hele a kōkua paha. kani (me ka cambiata). Mai ka hopena o 16 in. Ua hōʻoia ka manaʻo i kahi ʻike hou o D. pehea kūikawā e hōʻike. ʻo ia (a ʻaʻole wale ke ʻano o ka uhi ʻana i ka "ʻono" o ka consonance). MA ʻO Galilaia ("Il primo libro della prattica del contrapunto", 1588-1591) hiki ke hoʻolauna mua ʻole ʻia e D. I ke au o ka chord-harmonics. noʻonoʻo (17-19 mau kenekulia), kahi manaʻo hou o D. Hoʻokaʻawale iā D. chordal (diatonic, non-diatonic) a loaʻa mai ka hui ʻana o nā leo ʻole me nā leo puʻupuʻu. Wahi a ka func. ka manaʻo o ke kuʻikahi (M. ʻO Gauptman, G. Helmholtz, X. Риман), Д. aia ka "kui o ka consonance" (Riemann). Manaʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia hui kani mai ka manaʻo o kekahi o nā "consonances" kūlohelohe ʻelua - nui a liʻiliʻi paha i ka symmetrical; i ka tonality - mai ka manaʻo o nā kumu kumu ʻekolu. triad - T, D a me S. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka chord d1-f1-a1-c2 ma C-dur he ʻekolu mau leo no ka triad subdominant (f1-a1-c2) a me hoʻokahi leo i hoʻohui ʻia d1. Всякий не входящий в состав данного осн. ʻO ka leo triad ʻo D. Mai kēia hiʻohiʻona, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā leo dissonant i nā consonance acoustically consonances (“imaginary consonances” e like me Riemann, no ka laʻana: d1-f1-a1 ma C-dur). I kēlā me kēia leo pālua, ʻaʻole ka dissonant ka wā holoʻokoʻa, akā ʻo ka leo wale nō ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i kekahi o nā kumu. triads (no ka laʻana, ma ka ʻehiku d1-c2 ma S C-dur dissonates d1, a ma D - c2; ʻo ka ʻelima e1 - h1 he consonance noʻonoʻo ma C-dur, no ka mea, e lilo ana ka h1 a i ʻole ka e1 i D. - ma T a i ʻole D ma C-dur). Ua ʻike ka nui o nā mea manaʻo o ke kenekulia 20 i ke kūʻokoʻa piha o D. B. L. Ua ʻae ʻo Yavorsky i ke ola o kahi tonic dissonant, D. как устоя лада (по Яворскому, обычай завершать произведение консонирующим созвучием — «схоластические оковыкы»). A. Ua hōʻole ʻo Schoenberg i ka ʻokoʻa qualitative ma waena o D. a me ka consonance a kapa ʻia ʻo D. nā consonance mamao; mai kēia mea i unuhi ʻo ia i ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā chords non-tertzian ma ke ʻano he kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana manuahi i kēlā me kēia D. aia paha ma P. ʻO Hindemith, ʻoiai ʻo ia e ʻōlelo nei i kekahi mau kūlana; ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka consonance a me D., e like me ka Hindemith, he quantitative nō hoʻi, huli mālie nā consonances i D. Pilikino D. a me ka consonance, i noonoo hou ia i keia wa. mele, ka Soviet musicologists B. MA Asafiev, Yu.
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ʻO Yu. H. Kholopov
