Evgeny Alexandrovich Mravinsky |
Evgeny Mravinsky
People's Artist o ka USSR (1954). Laureate o ka makana Lenin (1961). Hero of Socialist Labor (1973).
ʻO ke ola a me ka hana o kekahi o nā alakaʻi alakaʻi nui loa o ke kenekulia 1920 e pili pū me Leningrad. Ua ulu 'o ia i loko o ka 'ohana mele, akā, ma hope o kona puka 'ana mai ke kula hana (1921) ua komo 'o ia i ke kumu maoli o ke Kulanui o Leningrad. I kēlā manawa, ua pili mua ke kanaka ʻōpio i ka hale keaka mele. ʻO ka pono e loaʻa kālā i lawe iā ia i ke kahua o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Mariinsky mua, kahi i hana ai ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mime. ʻO kēia ʻoihana luhi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua ʻae ʻo Mravinsky e hoʻonui i kāna mau kiʻi kiʻi, e loaʻa i nā manaʻo maikaʻi mai ke kamaʻilio pololei ʻana me nā haku mele e like me nā mele F. Chaliapin, I. Ershov, I. Tartakov, nā alakaʻi ʻo A. Coates, E. Cooper a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hana hou aku, ua lawelawe maikaʻi ʻia ʻo ia e ka ʻike i loaʻa i ka wā e hana ana ma ke ʻano he piano ma ke kula ʻo Leningrad Choreographic, kahi i komo ai ʻo Mravinsky i XNUMX. I kēia manawa, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ke kulanui, e hoʻoholo ana e hāʻawi iā ia iho i ka hana mele ʻoihana.
ʻAʻole i kūleʻa ka hoʻāʻo mua e komo i ka conservatory. I ʻole e hoʻonele i ka manawa, ua kākau inoa ʻo Mravinsky i nā papa o ka Leningrad Academic Chapel. Ua hoʻomaka nā makahiki haumāna iā ia i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, 1924. Lawe ʻo ia i nā papa ma ke ʻano like a me nā mea kani me M. Chernov, polyphony me X. Kushnarev, ke ʻano a me ka haku mele me V. Shcherbachev. Ua hana ʻia kekahi mau hana a ka mea haku mele mua ma ka Hale Liʻiliʻi o ka Conservatory. Eia naʻe, ke ʻimi nei ʻo Mravinsky iā ia iho ma kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe - ma 1927 ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e alakaʻi i nā papa ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a N. Malko, a ʻelua makahiki ma hope ua lilo ʻo A. Gauk i kumu.
'O ka ho'oikaika 'ana no ka ho'omohala 'ana i nā mākau alaka'i, ua ho'ola'a 'o Mravinsky i kekahi manawa e hana pū me ka ho'okani symphony amateur o ka Union of Soviet Trade Employees. ʻO nā hana mua o ka lehulehu me kēia pūʻulu i komo i nā hana a nā mea haku mele Lūkini a loaʻa nā loiloi maikaʻi mai ka paʻi. Ma ka manawa like, ua mālama ʻo Mravinsky i ka ʻāpana mele o ke kula choreographic a alakaʻi ʻia ʻo Glazunov's ballet The Four Seasons. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi hana ʻoihana ma ka Opera Studio o ka Conservatory. ʻO ka pae aʻe o ka ulu ʻana o Mravinsky e pili ana i kāna hana ma ka Opera and Ballet Theatre i kapa ʻia ma hope o SM Kirov (1931-1938). I ka wā mua he alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻo ia ma ʻaneʻi, a hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai ua hana ʻo ia i kāna hoʻomaka kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka lā 20 o Kepakemapa, 1932. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Mravinsky i ka ballet "Sleeping Beauty" me ke komo ʻana o G. Ulanova. ʻO ka lanakila nui mua i hiki mai i ka mea alakaʻi, i hoʻohui ʻia e kāna mau hana aʻe - nā ballets a Tchaikovsky "Swan Lake" a me "The Nutcracker", Adana "Le Corsaire" a me "Giselle", B. Asafiev "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" a me " ʻO nā Illusions Nalo”. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ma ʻaneʻi ua kamaʻāina ka poʻe i ka hoʻokani opera wale nō a Mravinsky - "Mazepa" na Tchaikovsky. No laila, me he mea lā ua koho hope ka mea ho'okani pila i ke ala o ke alaka'i keaka.
ʻO ka All-Union Competition of Conductors i ka makahiki 1938 i wehe i kahi ʻaoʻao nani hou i loko o ka moʻolelo biography haku mele. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo Mravinsky i ka ʻike nui i nā ʻaha mele symphony o Leningrad Philharmonic. ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi ʻo kāna hui ʻana me ka hana a D. Shostakovich i nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka mele Soviet ma 1937. A laila ua hana ʻia ka Fifth Symphony o ka haku mele koʻikoʻi no ka manawa mua. Ua kākau ʻo Shostakovich: "Ua ʻike nui wau iā Mravinsky i kā mākou hana hui ma kaʻu Fifth Symphony. Pono wau e haʻi aku i ka wā mua ua makaʻu wau i ke ʻano o Mravinsky. Me he mea lā iaʻu ua ʻimi nui ʻo ia i nā mea liʻiliʻi, nānā nui i nā mea kikoʻī, a me he mea lā iaʻu e hōʻino i ka hoʻolālā nui, ka manaʻo nui. No kēlā me kēia manaʻo, no kēlā me kēia manaʻo, ua hana ʻo Mravinsky iaʻu i nīnau maoli, e koi ana mai iaʻu i pane i nā kānalua āpau i ulu mai i loko ona. Akā i ka lā ʻelima o ka hana pū ʻana, ua ʻike wau ʻo kēia ʻano ka mea kūpono. Ua hoʻomaka wau e hana koʻikoʻi i kaʻu hana, e nānā ana i ka hana koʻikoʻi o Mravinsky. Ua maopopo iaʻu ʻaʻole pono e hīmeni ke alakaʻi e like me ka nightingale. Pono e hoʻohui mua ʻia ka talena me ka hana lōʻihi a paʻakikī.
ʻO ka hana a Mravinsky i ka Fifth Symphony kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokūkū. Ua loaʻa i ka mea alakaʻi mai Leningrad ka makana mua. ʻO kēia hanana ka mea i hoʻoholo nui i ka hopena o Mravinsky - ua lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi alakaʻi nui o ka symphony orchestra o ka Leningrad Philharmonic, i kēia manawa he hui kūpono o ka repubalika. Mai ia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike ʻia i waho o ke ola o Mravinsky. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hānai ʻo ia i ka orchestra alakaʻi, e hoʻonui ana i kāna repertoire. ʻOiai ʻo Mravinsky e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i kāna mau akamai, hāʻawi ʻo Mravinsky i nā wehewehe nani o nā symphonies a Tchaikovsky, nā hana a Beethoven, Berlioz, Wagner, Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler a me nā mea haku mele ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻopau ʻia ke ola maluhia o ka orchestra i ka makahiki 1941, i ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka Leningrad Philharmonic i ka hikina a wehe i kāna kau hou ma Novosibirsk. I kēlā mau makahiki, ua noho nā mele Lūkini i kahi koʻikoʻi i nā papahana o ka mea alakaʻi. Me Tchaikovsky, hana ʻo ia i nā hana a Glinka, Borodin, Glazunov, Lyadov… Ma Novosibirsk, hāʻawi ka Philharmonic i nā ʻaha mele symphony 538 i hele ʻia e 400 poʻe…
Ua hōʻea ka hana hoʻomohala a Mravinsky i kona kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka hoʻi ʻana o ka orchestra i Leningrad. E like me ka wā ma mua, hana ke alakaʻi i ka Philharmonic me nā papahana waiwai a ʻano like ʻole. Loaʻa iā ia kahi unuhi ʻōlelo maikaʻi loa e nā hana maikaʻi loa a nā haku mele Soviet. Wahi a ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻo V. Bogdanov-Berezovsky, "Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Mravinsky i kāna ʻano ponoʻī o ka hana, i ʻike ʻia e ka hui pū ʻana o nā kumu manaʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo, ka haʻi ʻōlelo a me ka loiloi kaulike o ka hoʻolālā hana holoʻokoʻa, i hoʻomohala ʻia e Mravinsky ma mua. ʻO ka hana o nā hana Soviet, ka hoʻolaha āna i hāʻawi ai a hāʻawi nui i ka manaʻo".
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana a Mravinsky no ka manawa mua e nā hana he nui a nā mea kākau Soviet, me Prokofiev's Sixth Symphony, A. Khachaturian's Symphony-Poem, a ma luna o nā mea a pau, nā hana koʻikoʻi o D. Shostakovich, i komo i loko o ka waihona gula o kā mākou mele mele. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Shostakovich iā Mravinsky i ka hana mua o kāna ʻelima, ʻeono, ʻewalu (i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ke alakaʻi), ʻeiwa a me ka ʻumi symphonies, ke mele oratorio o nā nahele. He mea maʻamau ia, e kamaʻilio ana i ka Seventh Symphony, ua hoʻoikaika ka mea kākau i ka makahiki 1942: "Ma ko mākou ʻāina, ua hana ʻia ka symphony ma nā kūlanakauhale he nui. Ua hoʻolohe ʻo Muscovites iā ia i nā manawa he nui ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a S. Samosud. Ma Frunze a me Alma-Ata, ua hoʻokani ʻia ka symphony e ka State Symphony Orchestra, i alakaʻi ʻia e N. Rakhlin. Mahalo nui wau i nā alakaʻi Soviet a me nā haole no ke aloha a me ka nānā ʻana a lākou i hōʻike ai i kaʻu symphony. Akā, ua pili loa ia iaʻu ma ke ʻano he mea kākau, hana ʻia e Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra i alakaʻi ʻia e Evgeny Mravinsky.
ʻAʻohe kānalua ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Mravinsky i ulu ai ka Leningrad orchestra i kahi hui symphony papa honua. ʻO kēia ka hopena o ka hana luhi a ke alakaʻi, ʻo kona makemake pau ʻole e ʻimi i nā heluhelu hou, hohonu a pololei o nā hana mele. Ua kākau ʻo G. Rozhdestvensky: “Ua koi like ʻo Mrravinsky iā ia iho a me ka orkestra. I ka wā o nā huakaʻi hui, i ka wā e lohe ai au i nā hana like i nā manawa he nui i kahi manawa pōkole, ua kahaha mau wau i ka hiki iā Evgeny Alexandrovich ke nalowale i ka manaʻo o kā lākou hou me ka hana hou ʻana. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻaha mele he hoʻomaka mua, ma mua o kēlā me kēia ʻahamele e hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻia nā mea a pau. A pehea ka paʻakikī i kekahi manawa!
I nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua, ua hiki mai ka ʻike honua iā Mravinsky. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, hele ka mea alakaʻi i ka huakaʻi ma waho me ka orkestra āna e alakaʻi ai. I ka makahiki 1946 a me 1947 wale nō ʻo ia i malihini no ka punawai Prague, kahi āna i hoʻokani ai me Czechoslovak orchestras. ʻO nā hana o ka Leningrad Philharmonic ma Finland (1946), Czechoslovakia (1955), nā ʻāina ʻEulopa Komohana (1956, 1960, 1966), a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (1962) he lanakila lanakila. ʻO nā keʻena piha, nā paʻi mai ka lehulehu, nā loiloi hoihoi - ʻo kēia ka ʻike ʻana i ke akamai papa mua o ka Leningrad Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra a me kāna alakaʻi alakaʻi nui ʻo Evgeny Aleksandrovich Mravinsky. ʻO ka hana aʻoaʻo a Mravinsky, he kaukaʻi ma ka Leningrad Conservatory, ua loaʻa pū kekahi i ka ʻike kūpono.
L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969
