Faustina Bordoni |

Faustina Bordoni

ʻO ka leo o Bordoni-Hasse he waiʻu nui loa. ʻAʻohe mea ʻē aʻe i hiki ke hana hou i ka leo like me ka wikiwiki, a ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻike ʻo ia i ka paʻa ʻana i kahi leka no ka manawa pau ʻole.

"Ua komo ʻo Hasse-Bordoni i ka mōʻaukala o ka hale opera ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻelele nui loa o ke kula leo bel canto," i kākau ai ʻo SM Grishchenko. – He ikaika a maʻalahi ka leo o ka mea mele, ʻokoʻa ka māmā a me ka neʻe; Ua ʻike ʻia kāna mele e ka nani hoʻohiwahiwa o ke kani, ka ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ka timbre palette, ke ʻano kupaianaha o ka haʻi ʻōlelo a me ka maopopo o ka diction, ka hōʻike dramatic i kahi cantilena mālie, melodious a me phenomenal virtuosity i ka hana trills, fioritura, mordents, piʻi a me ka iho ʻana ... he waiwai o nā aka uʻi (mai ka fortissimo waiwai a hiki i ka pianissimo palupalu loa). He ʻano maʻalahi ko Hasse-Bordoni, he kālena noʻeau maikaʻi, hoʻokani keaka maikaʻi loa, a me kahi hiʻona liʻiliʻi.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Faustina Bordoni i ka makahiki 1695 (e like me nā kumu ʻē aʻe, i ka makahiki 1693 a i ʻole 1700) ma Venice. Ua hele mai ʻo ia mai kahi ʻohana Venetian hanohano, ua hānai ʻia i loko o ka hale aristocratic o I. Renier-Lombria. Ma ʻaneʻi ua hui ʻo Faustina me Benedetto Marcello a lilo i haumāna nāna. Ua aʻo ke kaikamahine i ke mele ma Venice, ma ka Conservatory Pieta, me Francesco Gasparini. A laila ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia me ka mea mele castrato kaulana ʻo Antonio Bernacchi.

Ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo Bordoni ma ke kahua opera ma 1716 ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Venetian "San Giovanni Crisostomo" i ka hoʻomaka mua o ka opera "Ariodante" na C.-F. Pollarolo. A laila, ma ke kahua hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i nā hana koʻikoʻi ma nā mua o ka opera "Eumeke" na Albinoni a me "Alexander Sever" na Lotti. Ua lanakila nui nā hana mua a ka mea mele ʻōpio. Ua kaulana koke ʻo Bordoni, ua lilo ʻo ia i hoʻokahi o nā mele Italia kaulana loa. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Venetians hoihoi iā ia i ka inoa ʻo New Sirena.

He mea hoihoi ia i ka makahiki 1719 i hana ʻia ai ka hālāwai hoʻokumu mua ma waena o ka mea mele a me Cuzzoni ma Venice. ʻO wai ka mea i manaʻo i ka liʻiliʻi o nā makahiki he ʻumi e lilo lākou i mea komo i ke kaua internecine kaulana ma Lākana.

I nā makahiki 1718-1723 Bordoni huakaʻi ma Italia. Hoʻokani ʻo ia, ma Venice, Florence, Milan (Ducale Theatre), Bologna, Naples. I ka makahiki 1723 ua kipa aku ka mea mele i Munich, a ma 1724/25 ua hīmeni ʻo ia ma Vienna, Venice a me Parma. He nani nā uku hōkū - a hiki i ka 15 tausani guilders i ka makahiki! Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole mele maikaʻi wale ʻo Bordoni, akā nani nō hoʻi a aristocratic.

Hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomaopopo i ka paʻakikī o Handel e "hoʻowalewale" i kēlā hōkū. Ua hele mai ka haku mele kaulana i Vienna, i ke aloaliʻi o Emperor Charles VI, no Bordoni. He pēpē kāna "kahiko" prima donna ma "Kingstier" Cuzzoni, pono ʻoe e pāʻani palekana. Ua hiki i ka mea haku mele ke hoʻopau i kahi ʻaelike me Bordoni, hāʻawi iā ia he 500 paona ʻoi aku ma mua o Cuzzoni.

A i kēia manawa ua piha nā nūpepa Lākana i nā lono e pili ana i ka primadona hou. I ka makahiki 1726, hīmeni ka mea mele no ka manawa mua ma ke kahua o ka Royal Theatre ma ka opera Alexander hou a Handel.

Ua kākau ka mea kākau kaulana ʻo Romain Rolland:

"Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka London Opera i nā castrati a me nā primadonas, a i ka makemake o ko lākou mau mea pale. I ka makahiki 1726, hiki mai ka mea mele Italia kaulana loa o ia manawa, o Faustina kaulana. Mai ia manawa, ua lilo nā hana ʻo Lākana i nā hoʻokūkū o nā larynxes o Faustina a me Cuzzoni, e hoʻokūkū ana i nā leo leo - nā hoʻokūkū i hui pū ʻia me ka leo o kā lākou poʻe kākoʻo kaua. Pono ʻo Handel e kākau i kāna "Alessandro" (Mei 5, 1726) no ka hakakā ʻana ma waena o kēia mau hōkū ʻelua o ka hui, nāna i hīmeni i ke kuleana o nā haku wahine ʻelua a Alexander. ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau mea a pau, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kālena koʻikoʻi o Handel iā ia iho i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ma Admeto (Ianuali 31, 1727), ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe hoʻokipa. Akā ʻaʻole i hoʻomaha wale ka hoʻokūkū o nā mea pena kiʻi mai kēia, akā ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. Ua mālama ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao i nā puke liʻiliʻi uku i hoʻopuka i nā kukui ʻino i ko lākou mau hoa paio. Ua hiki aku ʻo Cuzzoni lāua ʻo Faustina i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka huhū a ma ka lā 6 o Iune, 1727, lālau maila lāua i ka lauoho o kekahi i kekahi ma ke kahua a hakakā me ka halulu o ka hale holoʻokoʻa i mua o ke Kamāliʻiwahine o Wales.

Mai ia manawa, ua lilo nā mea a pau i luna. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Handel e ʻohi i nā ʻāʻī, akā, e like me kāna hoa ʻo Arbuthnot i ʻōlelo ai, "ua hemo ka diabolo": ʻaʻole hiki ke kau hou iā ia ma ke kaulahao. Ua nalowale ka hihia, ʻoiai ʻekolu mau hana hou a Handel, kahi i ʻālohilohi ai ka uila o kona akamai ... ʻO kahi pua liʻiliʻi i kī ʻia e John Gay lāua ʻo Pepush, ʻo ia hoʻi: "Beggars Opera" ("Beggars' Opera"), ua pau ka pio ʻana o ka ʻO London Opera Academy… "

Hana ʻo Bordoni ma Lādana no ʻekolu makahiki, e komo ana i nā hana mua o nā opera a Handel Admet, King of Thessaly (1727), Richard I, King of England (1727), Cyrus, King of Persia (1728), Ptolemy, ke aliʻi o ʻAigupita. ” (1728). Ua hīmeni pū ka mea mele ma Astyanax na J.-B. Bononcini i ka makahiki 1727.

Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana iā Lākana i ka makahiki 1728, ua mākaʻikaʻi ʻo Bordoni iā ​​Paris a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe o Farani. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua komo ʻo ia i ka hana mua o Albinoni's Fortitude in Trial ma Milan's Ducal Theatre. I ka makahiki 1728/29, hīmeni ka mea pena ma Venice, a i ka makahiki 1729 ua hoʻokani ʻo ia ma Parma a me Munich. Ma hope o ka huakaʻi ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Turin "Reggio" i 1730, hoʻi ʻo Bordoni i Venice. Ma ʻaneʻi, i ka makahiki 1730, ua hui ʻo ia me ka mea haku mele Kelemania ʻo Johann Adolf Hasse, ka mea i hana ma ke ʻano he haku mele ma Venice.

ʻO Hasse kekahi o nā haku mele kaulana loa o ia manawa. ʻO kēia ka mea a Romain Rolland i hāʻawi aku ai i ka mea haku mele Kelemania: “Ua ʻoi aku ʻo Hasse ma mua o Porpora i ka nani o kāna mau mele, a ʻo Mozart wale nō i hoʻohālikelike iā ia, a ma kāna makana o ka loaʻa ʻana i kahi orkestra, i hōʻike ʻia ma kāna mau mea hoʻokani pila, ʻaʻole i emi iki ke mele ma mua o ke mele. himeni ana iaia iho. … “

I ka makahiki 1730, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka mea mele a me ka haku mele ma ka male ʻana. Mai ia manawa mai, hana nui ʻo Faustina i nā hana koʻikoʻi ma nā keaka mele a kāna kāne.

"Ua haʻalele kekahi kāne ʻōpio i 1731 i Dresden, i ka ʻaha o ka Elector of Saxony Augustus II the Strong," wahi a E. Tsodokov. - Hoʻomaka ka manawa Kelemania o ke ola a me ka hana o ka primadona kaulana. ʻO kahi kāne kūleʻa, nāna i ʻike i ke akamai o ka leʻaleʻa i nā pepeiao o ka lehulehu, kākau ʻo ia i ka opera ma hope o ka opera (56 ka nui), hīmeni ka wahine iā lākou. Hāʻawi kēia "ʻoihana" i ka loaʻa kālā nui (6000 thalers i kēlā me kēia makahiki). I nā makahiki 1734-1763, i ka wā i noho aliʻi ai ʻo Augustus III (ke keiki a Augustus the Strong), ʻo Hasse ke alakaʻi mau o ka ʻOpera Italia ma Dresden…

Ua hoʻāla mau ʻia ko Faustina akamai. I ka makahiki 1742, mahalo ʻo Frederick the Great iā ia.

Ua mahalo ʻia nā mākau hana o ka mea mele e ka mea nui ʻo Johann Sebastian Bach, kahi i launa pū ai lāua. Eia kāna mea i kākau ai ma kāna puke e pili ana i ka haku mele SA Morozov:

"Ua mālama pū ʻo Bach i nā pilina aloha me ka luminary mele Dresden, ka mea kākau o nā opera, ʻo Johann Adolf Hasse ...

He kanaka hana kiʻi kūʻokoʻa a kūʻokoʻa, ʻo Hasse i hoʻopaʻa i ka Kelemānia liʻiliʻi iā ia iho a me ka helehelena. He ihu piʻi aʻe ma lalo o ka lae puʻupuʻu, he hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻaoʻao hema, he lehelehe pili, he ʻauwae piha. Loaʻa iā ia ke kālena kupaianaha, ka ʻike nui o ka palapala mele, ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i ka loaʻa koke ʻana i kahi mea hoʻokani mele Kelemania, haku mele a haku mele mai ka panalāʻau ʻo Leipzig, ma hope o nā mea āpau, he interlocutor i ʻike i ka hana a nā mea haku mele Italia a me Palani.

ʻO ka wahine a Hasse, ka mea mele Venetian ʻo Faustina, nee Bordoni, i hoʻonani i ka opera. He kanakolu kona mau makahiki. ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao leo maikaʻi loa, nā mana noʻeau koʻikoʻi, nā ʻikepili o waho a me ka lokomaikaʻi, lawe ʻia ma ke kahua, hoʻokomo koke iā ia i mua i ka hana operatic. I kekahi manawa ua komo ʻo ia i ka lanakila o ka mele opera a Handel, i kēia manawa ua hui ʻo ia me Bach. ʻO ka mea pena kiʻi wale nō i ʻike pono i ʻelua o nā mea hana nui o nā mele Kelemania.

Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ma ka lā 13 o Kepakemapa, 1731, ua hoʻolohe ʻo Bach, me Friedemann, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke mele mele ʻo Hasse ʻo Cleophida ma ka hale o ka Dresden Royal Opera. Ua lawe ʻo Friedemann i nā mele "Dresden" me ka makemake nui. Akā, mahalo pū ʻo Pāpā Bach i nā mele ʻItalia kaulana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Faustina ma ke poʻo inoa. ʻAe, ʻike lākou i ka hana, kēlā mau Hasses. A he kula maikaʻi. A maikaʻi ka orkestra. Aloha!

… ʻO ka hui ʻana ma Dresden me nā kāne Hasse, ua hōʻike ʻo Bach lāua ʻo Anna Magdalena iā lākou i ka hoʻokipa ma Leipzig. I ka lā Sābati a i ʻole ka lā hoʻomaha, ʻaʻole hiki i nā malihini o ke kapikala ke hoʻolohe i kekahi cantata Bach ma kekahi o nā hale pule nui. Ua hele paha lākou i nā ʻaha mele o ke Koleke Mele a lohe ʻia ma laila nā haku mele a Bach me nā haumāna.

A i loko o ka lumi hoʻokipa o ke keʻena o ka cantor, i nā lā o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā mea pena Dresden, kani nā mele. Ua hele mai ʻo Faustina Hasse i nā hale hanohano i kāhiko ʻia, ʻaʻohe poʻohiwi, me ka lauoho kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, kahi i kaumaha ai kona helehelena nani. I loko o ke keʻena o ka cantor, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia me ke ʻano haʻahaʻa - i loko o kona puʻuwai ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka paʻakikī o ka hopena o Anna Magdalena, nāna i hoʻopau i kāna ʻoihana no ka hana o kāna wahine a me kāna makuahine.

I loko o ke keʻena o ka cantor, ua hana paha kekahi mea hana keaka ʻoihana, he opera prima donna, i ka soprano arias mai nā cantatas a i ʻole Passion a Bach. Ua kani nā mele harpsichord Italia a me Palani i kēia mau hola.

I ka hiki ʻana mai o Reich, kani pū nā ʻāpana a Bach me nā ʻāpana hoʻokahi no nā mea kani.

Hāʻawi ke kaikamahine i ka ʻaina ahiahi. Noho nā kānaka a pau i ka papaʻaina - a me nā malihini kaulana, a me nā hoaaloha Leipzig, a me nā lālā o ka hale, a me nā haumāna o ka haku, inā i kāhea ʻia lākou i kēia lā e hoʻokani mele.

Me ke kaʻa kaʻa kakahiaka, e haʻalele ka kāne no Dresden… "

Ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi nui o ka Dresden Court Opera, ua hoʻomau ʻo Faustina i ka hana ma Italia, Kelemānia a me Farani. I kēlā manawa aia kahi ʻano ʻano kūikawā. He kuleana ko ka primadona e lawe i kāna kaʻaahi ma ke kahua i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao, a inā he aliʻi wahine, ʻelua. Ua hahai nā ʻaoʻao ma kona kuʻekuʻe wāwae. Ua noho ʻo ia i kahi hanohano ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā mea ʻē aʻe i komo i ka hana, no ka mea, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻo ia ka mea hanohano loa i ka pāʻani. I ka manawa i hīmeni ai ʻo Faustina Hasse i ka makahiki 1748 iā Dirka, ka mea i lilo i kamāliʻiwahine ma Demofont, ua koi ʻo ia i kahi kiʻekiʻe nona iho ma mua o ke Kamāliʻiwahine Creusa, he aliʻi maoli. ʻO ka mea kākau ponoʻī, ʻo ia ka mea haku mele ʻo Metastasio, pono e hoʻoikaika iā Faustina e hāʻawi.

I ka makahiki 1751, ua ha'alele ka mea mele, i ka piha piha o kona mana hana, i ke kahua, me ka ho'oikaika 'ana iā ia iho i ka hānai 'ana i 'elima mau keiki. A laila ua kipa ʻia ka ʻohana Hasse e kekahi o nā mea kākau moʻolelo mele nui loa o ia manawa, ka haku mele a me ka mea hoʻokalakupua ʻo C. Burney. Ua kākau nui ʻo ia:

“Ma hope o ka ʻaina ahiahi me ka Mea Hanohano Monsignor Visconti, ua lawe hou kāna kākau ʻōlelo iaʻu i Signor Gasse ma Landstrasse, ka mea hoʻohiwahiwa loa o nā wahi āpau o Vienna… Ua loaʻa iā mākou ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa ma ka home, a he leʻaleʻa maoli kā mākou kipa ʻana. He kamaʻilio nui ʻo Signora Faustina a ke ʻimi nei i nā mea a pau e hana nei ma ka honua. Ua hoʻopaʻa mau ʻo ia i ke koena o ka nani i kaulana loa i kona wā ʻōpiopio, ʻaʻole naʻe i kona leo nani!

Ua noi au iā ia e hīmeni. "Ah hiki ole! Ho perduto tutte le mie facolta!” (“Auwe, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu! Ua nalowale kaʻu makana a pau”), wahi āna.

… ʻO Faustina, ʻo ia ka moʻolelo ola o ka mōʻaukala mele, ua haʻi mai iaʻu i nā moʻolelo he nui e pili ana i nā mea hoʻokani o kona wā; Ua kamaʻilio nui ʻo ia e pili ana i ke ʻano nani o Handel i ka hoʻokani pila a me ka okana i kona wā ma ʻEnelani, a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia i ka hōʻea ʻana o Farinelli i Venise i ka makahiki 1728, ʻo ia ka leʻaleʻa a me ke kahaha i hoʻolohe ʻia ai.

Ua ʻike lokahi ka poʻe o ka wā i ka manaʻo hiki ʻole i hana ʻia e Faustina. Ua mahalo ʻia ke akamai o ka mea hīmeni e V.-A. Mozart, A. Zeno, I.-I. Fuchs, J.-B. Mancini a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka mea mele. Mea haku mele I.-I. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Quantz: "Ua loaʻa iā Faustina kahi mezzo-soprano maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka ʻuhane. A laila, hoʻonui ʻia ka laulā o kona leo mai kahi octave h a i ʻelua hapahā g, akā ma hope ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i lalo. Loaʻa iā ia ka mea i kapa ʻia e ka poʻe Italia he canto granito; ua akaka a nani kona hana. He alelo hoʻoneʻe kona e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻopuka i nā huaʻōlelo me ka wikiwiki a me ka maopopo, a me ka puʻu i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia no nā pauku me ka nani a me ka wikiwiki e hiki ai iā ia ke hīmeni me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻole ʻana, ke makemake ʻo ia. Ina paha he maalahi a lele lele paha na pauku, a i ole he mau huahelu o ka leo hookahi, ua maalahi ia ia ia ke hookani e like me na mea kani. ʻAʻohe kānalua ʻo ia ka mea mua i hoʻolauna, a me ka kūleʻa, ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ka hana hou ʻana o ka leo like. Ua hīmeni ʻo ia i ka Adagio me ka manaʻo nui a me ka hōʻike ʻana, ʻaʻole naʻe e kūleʻa mau ʻia inā e hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea hoʻolohe i loko o ke kaumaha hohonu ma o ka huki ʻana, glissando a i ʻole nā ​​memo syncopated a me tempo rubato. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻomanaʻo hauʻoli maoli no nā hoʻololi a me nā mea hoʻonaninani, a me ka maopopo a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoholo ʻana, i hiki ai iā ia ke hāʻawi i ka ikaika piha a me ka ʻōlelo i nā huaʻōlelo. Ma ka hana keaka, laki loa ia; a ʻoiai ua hoʻomalu pono ʻo ia i nā ʻiʻo maʻalahi a me nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole e hana ai i nā hiʻohiʻona maka, ua pāʻani ʻo ia me ka kūleʻa like i nā hana o nā heroines ʻino, aloha a palupalu; ma kahi huaʻōlelo, ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia e hīmeni a pāʻani.

Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ʻAukake III i ka makahiki 1764, ua noho lāua ma Vienna, a i ka makahiki 1775 ua haʻalele lāua i Venice. Maanei i make ai ka mea mele i ka la 4 o Novemaba, 1781.