Georges Bizet |

Georges Bizet

… Pono au i hale keaka: me ka ole ia, he mea ole au. J. Bizet

Ua hoʻolaʻa ka mea haku mele Farani ʻo J. Bizet i kona ola pōkole i ke keaka mele. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kāna hana - "Carmen" - ʻo ia kekahi o nā opera i aloha nui ʻia e nā poʻe he nui.

Ua ulu ʻo Bizet i loko o kahi ʻohana hoʻonaʻauao moʻomeheu; he kumu hīmeni ka makua kāne, hoʻokani ka makuahine i ka piano. Mai ka makahiki 4, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Georges e aʻo i nā mele ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a kona makuahine. I ka makahiki 10 ua komo ʻo ia i ka Paris Conservatoire. ʻO nā mea hoʻokani pila koʻikoʻi o Farani i lilo i mau kumu: ʻo A. Marmontel ka mea hoʻokani pila, ʻo P. Zimmerman, nā mea haku mele ʻopera F. Halévy a me Ch. ʻO Gounod. I kēlā manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kālena maʻamau o Bizet: he pianist virtuoso maikaʻi ʻo ia (F. Liszt iā ia iho i mahalo i kāna pāʻani), loaʻa pinepine i nā makana ma nā aʻoaʻo theoretical, makemake ʻo ia i ka pāʻani ʻana i ke okana (ma hope, ua loaʻa ka kaulana, ua aʻo ʻo ia me S. Frank).

I nā makahiki Conservatory (1848-58), ʻike ʻia nā hana i piha i ka ʻōpio hou a me ka maʻalahi, ma waena o ia ka Symphony in C major, ka comic opera The Doctor's House. ʻO ka hopena o ka conservatory i hōʻailona ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o ka makana Roma no ka cantata "Clovis and Clotilde", i hāʻawi i ke kuleana no kahi noho ʻehā makahiki ma Italia a me kahi haʻawina mokuʻāina. Ma ka manawa like, no ka hoʻokūkū i hoʻolaha ʻia e J. Offenbach, kākau ʻo Bizet i ka operetta Doctor Miracle, a ua hāʻawi ʻia hoʻi i kahi makana.

Ma Italia, ʻo Bizet, hoihoi ʻia e ke ʻano momona o ka hema, nā monuments o ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka pena kiʻi, hana nui a hua nui (1858-60). Ke aʻo nei ʻo ia i ke kiʻi, heluhelu i nā puke he nui, hoʻomaopopo i ka nani i kāna mau hōʻike a pau. ʻO ka mea maikaʻi loa no Bizet ka honua nani a kūlike o Mozart lāua ʻo Raphael. ʻO ka lokomaikaʻi Farani maoli, ka makana melodic lokomaikaʻi, a me ka ʻono maikaʻi i lilo i mau hiʻohiʻona nui o ke ʻano o ka mea haku mele. Hoʻonui nui ʻia ʻo Bizet i nā mele operatic, hiki ke "hoʻohui" me ke ʻano a i ʻole ka hero i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kahua. Ma kahi o ka cantata, ka mea a ka mea haku mele i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike ma Paris, ua kākau ʻo ia i ke mele mele ʻo Don Procopio, ma ka moʻomeheu a G. Rossini. Ke hana ʻia nei kekahi ode-symphony "Vasco da Gama".

Me ka hoʻi ʻana i Paris, ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻimi noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi a ma ka manawa like paʻakikī, pili ka hana maʻamau no kahi ʻāpana berena. Pono ʻo Bizet e hana i nā kope o nā helu opera a nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, e kākau i nā mele leʻaleʻa no nā cafe-concert a ma ka manawa like e hana i nā hana hou, e hana ana 16 mau hola i ka lā. "Ke hana nei au ma ke ʻano he kanaka ʻeleʻele, luhi wau, ʻoki maoli wau i nā ʻāpana ... Makaʻu wau ua lilo ia mediocre, akā pono ke kālā. ʻO ke kālā, kālā mau - i Gehena! Ma hope o Gounod, huli ʻo Bizet i ke ʻano o ke mele mele. ʻO kāna "Pearl Seekers" (1863), kahi i hui pū ʻia ai ka hōʻike kūlohelohe o nā manaʻo me ka exoticism oriental, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e G. Berlioz. ʻO ka nani o Perth (1867, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi hoʻolālā a W. Scott) e hōʻike ana i ke ola o nā kānaka maʻamau. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka holomua o kēia mau keaka e hoʻoikaika i ke kūlana o ka mea kākau. ʻO ka hoʻohewa ʻana iā ia iho, ka ʻike makaʻala i nā hemahema o The Perth Beauty i lilo i kī i nā mea i loaʻa i ka wā e hiki mai ana: “He pāʻani kupaianaha kēia, akā maikaʻi ʻole nā ​​kiʻi ... Ua make ke kula o nā roulade a me nā wahaheʻe – make mau loa! E kanu kākou iā ia me ka mihi ʻole, me ka hauʻoli ʻole – a i mua! ʻAʻole i hoʻokō ʻia kekahi mau hoʻolālā o ia mau makahiki; ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka opera i hoʻopau ʻia, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ʻo Ivan the Terrible. Ma waho aʻe o nā opera, kākau ʻo Bizet i nā mele orchestral a me ke keʻena: hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka symphony Roma, hoʻomaka hou i Italia, kākau i nā ʻāpana no ka piano ma nā lima 4 "Nā Pāʻani keiki" (ʻo kekahi o lākou i ka version orchestral ʻo "Little Suite"), romances .

I ka makahiki 1870, i ka wā o ke Kaua Franco-Prussian, i ka wā i pilikia ai ʻo Farani, ua komo ʻo Bizet i ka National Guard. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻike ʻia kona mau manaʻo aloha ʻāina i loko o ka hana hoʻokani "Motherland" (1874). 70s – ka ulu ʻana o ka haku mele. I ka makahiki 1872, ka mua o ka opera "Jamile" (e pili ana i ka poem a A. Musset) i hanaia, me ka unuhi maalea; nā leo o nā mele kamaʻāina ʻArabia. He mea kahaha no ka poe kipa i ka Opera-Comique keaka ke ike i kekahi hana e hoike ana i ke aloha pono ole, piha i na mele maemae. ʻO nā connoisseurs maoli o nā mele a me nā mea hōʻino koʻikoʻi i ʻike iā Jamil i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi pae hou, ka wehe ʻana o nā ala hou.

I nā hana o kēia mau makahiki, ʻo ka maʻemaʻe a me ka nani o ke ʻano (i loaʻa mau i Bizet) ʻaʻole loa e pale i ka hōʻike ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻole o ka hana keaka o ke ola, kona mau paio a me nā kūʻē kūʻē. I kēia manawa, ʻo W. Shakespeare, Michelangelo, L. Beethoven nā kiʻi o ka haku mele. Ma kāna ʻatikala "Conversations on Music", hoʻokipa ʻo Bizet i "he ʻano huhū, ʻino, i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e like me Verdi, e hāʻawi ana i ka hana i kahi hana ola, ikaika, i hana ʻia mai ke gula, lepo, bile a me ke koko. Hoʻololi wau i koʻu ʻili ma ke ʻano he mea pena a me ke kanaka, "wahi a Bizet e pili ana iā ia iho.

ʻO kekahi o nā kiʻekiʻe o ka hana a Bizet ʻo ia ke mele no ka hana keaka a A. Daudet ʻo The Arlesian (1872). ʻAʻole i kūleʻa ka hoʻokau ʻana o ka pāʻani, a ua hoʻonohonoho ka mea haku mele i kahi hui hoʻokani pila mai nā helu maikaʻi loa (ʻo ka hui lua ma hope o ka make ʻana o Bizet i haku ʻia e kona hoa, haku mele ʻo E. Guiraud). E like me nā hana ma mua, hāʻawi ʻo Bizet i ke mele i kahi ʻono kūikawā o ke ʻano. Eia ʻo Provence, a hoʻohana ka mea haku mele i nā mele Provencal folk, hoʻopiha i ka hana holoʻokoʻa me ka ʻuhane o nā mele Farani kahiko. ʻO ke kani ʻana o ka orchestra, māmā a ʻālohilohi, loaʻa ʻo Bizet i nā ʻano hopena kupaianaha: ʻo ia ke kani ʻana o nā bele, ka ʻōlinolino o nā kala i ke kiʻi o ka lā hoʻomaha aupuni ("Farandole") (i loko o ka minuet mai ka Second Suite) a me ka "mele" kaumaha o ka saxophone (ʻo Bizet ka mea mua i hoʻokomo i kēia mea kani i ka symphony orchestra).

ʻO nā hana hope loa a Bizet ʻo ia ka opera ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo Don Rodrigo (ma muli o ke keaka a Corneille ʻo The Cid) a me Carmen, nāna i hoʻonoho i kāna mea kākau i waena o nā mea pena kiʻi nui loa o ka honua. ʻO ka hoʻomaka mua o Carmen (1875) ʻo ia hoʻi ka hāʻule nui loa o Bizet i ke ola: ua hāʻule ka opera me kahi hōʻino a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi loiloi paʻi koʻikoʻi. Ma hope o 3 mahina, i ka lā 3 o Iune, 1875, ua make ka haku mele ma waho o Paris, Bougival.

ʻOiai ʻo Carmen i hoʻokani ʻia ma ka Comic Opera, pili ia i kēia ʻano me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau. ʻO ka mea nui, he pāʻani mele kēia i hōʻike i nā kūʻē maoli o ke ola. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Bizet i ka moʻolelo pōkole a P. Merimee, akā ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻo ia i kāna mau kiʻi i ka waiwai o nā hōʻailona mele. A i ka manawa like, he poʻe "ola" lākou a pau me nā hiʻohiʻona nani. Hāʻawi ka mea haku mele i nā hiʻohiʻona poʻe me kā lākou mea e hōʻike ai i ke ʻano o ke ola, e piha ana i ka ikehu. ʻO ka nani Gypsy ʻo Carmen, bullfighter Escamillo, ʻike ʻia nā smugglers ma ke ʻano o kēia mea manuahi. Ke hana nei i kahi "kiʻi" o ka mea nui, hoʻohana ʻo Bizet i nā mele a me nā mele o habanera, seguidilla, polo, etc.; i ka manawa like, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia e komo hohonu i loko o ka ʻuhane o nā mele Sepania. ʻO Jose a me kāna wahine mare ʻo Michaela no kahi honua ʻokoʻa loa - ʻoluʻolu, mamao loa mai nā ʻino. Hoʻolālā ʻia kā lākou duet i nā kala pastel, nā leo aloha aloha. Akā ʻo Jose ka "maʻi" maoli me ka makemake o Carmen, kona ikaika a me ka manaʻo ʻole. ʻO ka pāʻani aloha "maʻamau" e piʻi i ka pōʻino o ka hakakā ʻana o nā ʻano kanaka, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka makaʻu i ka make a lanakila. Hīmeni ʻo Bizet i ka nani, ka nui o ke aloha, ka manaʻo ʻona o ke kūʻokoʻa; me ka ʻole o ka moralizing preconceived, hōʻike ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia i ka mālamalama, ka hauʻoli o ke ola a me kāna pōʻino. Hōʻike hou kēia i kahi pilina pili kino hohonu me ka mea kākau o Don Juan, ka Mozart nui.

Hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻomaka mua ʻole, ua hoʻokūkū ʻia ʻo Carmen me ka lanakila ma nā pae nui loa ma ʻEulopa. No ka hana ʻana ma ka Grand Opera ma Paris, ua hoʻololi ʻo E. Guiraud i nā kamaʻilio kamaʻilio me nā recitatives, hoʻokomo i kekahi mau hula (mai nā hana ʻē aʻe a Bizet) i ka hana hope loa. Ma kēia paʻi, ʻike ʻia ka opera e ka poʻe hoʻolohe o kēia lā. I ka makahiki 1878, kākau ʻo P. Tchaikovsky "ʻo Carmen ma ke ʻano piha he mea hana nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, kekahi o kēlā mau mea liʻiliʻi i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike i nā manaʻo mele o ke au holoʻokoʻa i ka pae ikaika loa ... Ua maopopo iaʻu i nā makahiki he ʻumi. ʻO "Carmen" ka opera kaulana loa ma ka honua…”

K. Zenkin

ʻO nā kuʻuna holomua maikaʻi loa o ka moʻomeheu Farani i ʻike ʻia ma ka hana a Bizet. ʻO kēia ke kiʻekiʻe o nā manaʻo maoli i nā mele Farani o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ma nā hana a Bizet, ua hopu ʻia kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona i wehewehe ʻia e Romain Rolland he mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o kekahi o nā ʻaoʻao o ke akamai Farani: "… ʻO ia, e like me ka mea kākau, "ʻo Farani o Rabelais, Molière a me Diderot, a ma ka mele ... ka Farani o Berlioz a me Bizet."

Ua piha ke ola pōkole o Bizet i nā hana hoʻomohala ikaika. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ka ʻike ʻana iā ia iho. Aka, kupaianaha kanaka Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka mea pena i nā mea a pau āna i hana ai, ʻoiai i ka wā mua, ʻaʻohe kumu o kāna ʻimi noʻonoʻo a me kāna ʻimi noʻeau. I nā makahiki, ua lilo ʻo Bizet i mea hoihoi i ke ola o ka poʻe. ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi wiwo ʻole i nā ʻāpana o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā ua kōkua iā ia e hana i nā kiʻi i kāʻili ʻia mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a puni, e hoʻonui i nā kiʻi o kēia wā me nā kumumanaʻo hou a me nā ʻano ʻoiaʻiʻo, ikaika i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo olakino, piha koko i ko lākou ʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka lehulehu ma ka huli ʻana o nā makahiki 60 a me 70 i alakaʻi i kahi hulina ideological i ka hana a Bizet, alakaʻi iā ia i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haku. "Maikaʻi, ʻike mua!" i hoʻōho ʻo ia ma kekahi o kāna mau leka i ia mau makahiki. Ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo ia i ka noʻonoʻo e ka laulā o ka manaʻo, ka laulā o ka manaʻo, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke ola. Ma kāna ʻatikala wale nō, i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1867, kākau ʻo Bizet: “Ke inaina nei au i ka pedantry a me ka naʻauao wahaheʻe… Hookwork ma mua o ka hana ʻana. He ʻuʻuku a liʻiliʻi ka poʻe haku mele, akā ke hoʻonui nei nā ʻaoʻao a me nā ʻāpana i ka ad infinitum. Ua ʻilihune ʻo Art no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻilihune, akā ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻenehana e ka verbosity… E ʻōlelo pololei kākou, ʻoiaʻiʻo: mai koi kākou i kahi mea pena kiʻi i nā manaʻo i nele iā ia, a hoʻohana i nā mea i loaʻa iā ia. Ke hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻano hoihoi, hauʻoli, a me ke ʻano koʻikoʻi, e like me Verdi, i kahi hana ola a ikaika, i hana ʻia me ke gula, lepo, bile a me ke koko, ʻaʻole mākou e ʻaʻa e ʻōlelo anuanu iā ia: "Akā, e ka haku, ʻaʻole maikaʻi kēia. .” “Nani? .. ʻO Michelangelo anei, Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Rabelais maikaʻi? .. “.

ʻO kēia ākea o nā manaʻo, akā i ka manawa like i ka pili ʻana i nā loina, ua ʻae ʻo Bizet e aloha a mahalo nui i ka ʻoihana mele. Me Verdi, Mozart, Rossini, e kapa ʻia ʻo Schumann ma waena o nā haku mele i mahalo ʻia e Bizet. Ua ʻike mamao ʻo ia mai nā keaka a Wagner a pau (ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hana o ka wā post-Lohengrin ma Farani), akā mahalo ʻo ia i kona akamai. "He mea kupaianaha ka nani o kāna mele, hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo. ʻO kēia ka voluptuousness, leʻaleʻa, palupalu, aloha! .. ʻAʻole kēia ka mele o ka wā e hiki mai ana, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe manaʻo o ia mau huaʻōlelo – akā ʻo kēia ... mele o nā manawa a pau, ʻoiai he nani ia ”(mai kahi leka o 1871). Me ka manaʻo o ka mahalo nui, ua mālama ʻo Bizet iā Berlioz, akā ua aloha ʻo ia iā Gounod a ua kamaʻilio me ka lokomaikaʻi e pili ana i nā kūleʻa o kona mau hoa - Saint-Saens, Massenet a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Akā, ma luna o nā mea a pau, ua hoʻonoho ʻo ia iā Beethoven, ka mea āna i hoʻomana ai, a kapa ʻia ka titan, Prometheus; "… i kāna mele," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia, "he ikaika mau ka makemake." ʻO ia ka makemake e ola, i ka hana a Bizet i mele ai i kāna mau hana, e koi ana e hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo e nā "ʻano ikaika." He ʻenemi o ka pohihihi, pretentiousness i ke akamai, ua kākau ʻo ia: "ʻO ka nani ka hui ʻana o ka ʻike a me ke ʻano." "ʻAʻohe kaila me ke ʻano ʻole," wahi a Bizet. Mai kāna mau haumāna, koi ʻo ia e "hana ikaika" nā mea a pau. "E ho'āʻo e hoʻomau i kou ʻano melodic, modulations ʻoi aku ka wehewehe a ʻokoʻa." "E lilo i mele," wahi āna, "e kākau mua i nā mele nani." ʻO ia ʻano nani a me ka ʻokoʻa, ka manaʻo, ka ikaika, ka ikaika a me ka akaka o ka ʻōlelo ʻana i loko o nā hana a Bizet.

ʻO kāna mau hana hana nui e pili ana i ka hale keaka, kahi āna i kākau ai i ʻelima mau hana (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia kekahi mau hana a i ʻole, no kekahi kumu a i ʻole, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia). ʻO ka hoihoi i ka hōʻike keaka a me ke kahua hōʻike, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau o nā mele Farani, ʻo ia ke ʻano o Bizet. I kekahi manawa ua haʻi ʻo ia iā Saint-Saens: "ʻAʻole wau i hānau ʻia no ka symphony, pono wau i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni: inā ʻaʻole wau he mea ʻole." Ua pololei ʻo Bizet: ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokani mele nāna i kaulana i ka honua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia kā lākou mau hana kiʻi, akā ʻo kāna mau hana hou ke mele no ka pāʻani "Arlesian" a me ka opera "Carmen". Ma kēia mau hana, ua hōʻike piha ʻia ke akamai o Bizet, kona akamai, maopopo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hōʻike ʻana i ke keaka nui o ka poʻe mai ka poʻe, nā kiʻi waihoʻoluʻu o ke ola, kona mau ʻaoʻao māmā a me ke aka. Akā ʻo ka mea nui ʻo ia i make ʻole me kāna mele i kahi makemake ʻole i ka hauʻoli, kahi ʻano kūpono i ke ola.

Ua wehewehe ʻo Saint-Saens iā Bizet me nā ʻōlelo: "ʻO ia wale nō - ʻōpio, ikaika, hauʻoli, ʻuhane maikaʻi." ʻO ia ke ʻano o kona ʻike ʻana i ke mele, me ka manaʻo maikaʻi o ka lā i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kūʻē o ke ola. Hāʻawi kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i kāna mau mea hana i kahi waiwai kūikawā: kahi mea pena kiʻi wiwo ʻole i puhi i ka hana nui ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i nā makahiki he kanakolukumamāhiku, kū ʻo Bizet i waena o nā mea haku mele o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX me kāna hauʻoli pau ʻole, a me kāna mau hana hou loa - ma mua o ka opera Carmen - no ka mea maikaʻi loa, ka mea kaulana i ka palapala mele honua.

M. Druskin

Nā haku mele:

Hana no ka hale keaka «Doctor Miracle», operetta, libretto Battue and Galevi (1857) Don Procopio, comic opera, libretto na Cambiaggio (1858-1859, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke ola o ka haku mele) The Pearl Seekers, opera, libretto by Carré and Cormon (1863) Ivan ʻO ka Terrible, opera, libretto na Leroy lāua ʻo Trianon (1866, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke ola o ka haku mele) Belle o Perth, opera, libretto na Saint-Georges lāua ʻo Adeni (1867) “Jamile”, opera, libretto na Galle (1872) “Arlesian ”, mele no ka hana keaka na Daudet (1872; First suite for orchestra – 1872; Second composed by Guiraud after Bizet’s death) “Carmen”, opera, libretto Meliaca and Galevi (1875)

Nā hana symphonic a me leo-symphonic ʻO Symphony ma C-dur (1855, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke ola o ka mea haku mele) "Vasco da Gama", symphony-cantata i ka kikokikona a Delartra (1859—1860) "Rome", symphony (1871; mana kumu - "Memories of Rome" , 1866-1868) “Little Orchestral Suite” (1871) “Motherland”, dramatic overture (1874)

Hana piano ʻO ka mele mele mele nui, nocturne (1854) "Song of the Rhine", 6 ʻāpana (1865) "Fantastic Hunt", capriccio (1865) 3 kiʻi mele (1866) "Chromatic Variations" (1868) "Pianist-singer", 150 maʻalahi nā unuhi piano o nā mele leo (1866-1868) No ka piano eha lima "Nā Pāʻani Keiki", he hui o 12 mau ʻāpana (1871; 5 o kēia mau ʻāpana i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka "Little Orchestral Suite") He mau kope o nā hana a nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe.

Songs “Album Leaves”, 6 mele (1866) 6 Spanish (Pyrenean) mele (1867) 20 canto, compendium (1868)