Giacomo Meyerbeer |

Giacomo Meyerbeer

ʻO ka hopena o J. Meyerbeer, ka mea haku mele mele nui loa o ke kenekulia XNUMX. – huli mai me ka hauoli. ʻAʻole pono ʻo ia e loaʻa i kona ola, e like me WA Mozart, F. Schubert, M. Mussorgsky a me nā mea pena kiʻi ʻē aʻe, no ka mea, ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi waihona kālā nui ma Berlin. ʻAʻoleʻo ia i pale i kona kuleana no ka hanaʻana i kona wā'ōpiopio -ʻo kona mau mākua, nā poʻe hoʻonaʻauao nui i aloha a hoʻomaopopo i kaʻoihana, hana i nā mea a pau i loaʻa i kā lākou mau keiki ka hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi loa. Na nā kumu maikaʻi loa ma Berlin i hoʻokomo i loko o lākou i ka ʻono no ka palapala kahiko, ka mōʻaukala, a me nā ʻōlelo. Ua mākaukau ʻo Meyerbeer i ka ʻōlelo Palani a me ka ʻōlelo Italia, ʻike i ka Helene, Latin, Hebera. Ua makana pū ʻia nā kaikunāne Giacomo: Ma hope mai ua lilo ʻo Wilhelm i astronomer kaulana, ʻo ke kaikaina, i make mua, he haku mele akamai, ka mea kākau o ka pōʻino Struensee, kahi i kākau ai ʻo Meyerbeer i nā mele.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Giacomo, ka hiapo o nā kaikunāne, e aʻo i nā mele i ka makahiki 5. Ma hope o ka holomua nui ʻana, i ka makahiki 9 ua hana ʻo ia i kahi ʻaha mele lehulehu me kahi hana o Mozart's Concerto ma D minor. Ua lilo ka M. Clementi kaulana i kumu aʻo, a ʻo ka mea hoʻokalakupua kaulana ʻo Abbot Vogler mai Darmstadt, ma hope o ka hoʻolohe ʻana iā Meyerbeer liʻiliʻi, aʻo iā ia e aʻo i ka counterpoint a fugue me kāna haumāna A. Weber. Ma hope mai, konoʻo Vogler iā Meyerbeer i Darmstadt (1811), kahi i hele ai nā haumāna mai nā wahi a pau o Germany i ke kumu kaulana. Ma laila ʻo Meyerbeer i hoaaloha me KM Weber, ka mea kākau o The Magic Shooter a me Euryanta.

Ma waena o nā hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa mua o Meyerbeer, ʻo ia ka cantata "God and Nature" a me 2 operas: "Jephtha's Oath" ma kahi moʻolelo Baibala (1812) a me kahi comic, ma ke ʻano o kahi moʻolelo moʻolelo mai "A Thousand and One Nights" , "The Host and the Guest" (1813). Ua hoʻokani ʻia nā ʻOpera ma Munich a me Stuttgart a ʻaʻole i kūleʻa. Hoʻohewa ka poʻe hoʻohewa i ka haku mele no ka maloʻo a me ka nele i kahi makana melodic. Ua hōʻoluʻolu ʻo Weber i kāna hoaaloha hāʻule, a ua ʻōlelo ʻo A. Salieri akamai iā ia e hele i Italia e ʻike i ka maikaʻi a me ka nani o nā mele mai kona mau haku nui.

Noho ʻo Meyerbeer i kekahi mau makahiki ma Italia (1816-24). ʻO ke mele a G. Rossini ke aliʻi nei ma nā kahua o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Italia, lanakila ka poʻe mua o kāna mau opera Tancred a me The Barber of Seville. Hoʻoikaika ʻo Meyerbeer e aʻo i kahi ʻano kākau hou. Ma Padua, Turin, Venice, Milan, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kāna mau opera hou - Romilda a me Constanza (1817), Semiramide Recognized (1819), Emma o Resburg (1819), Margherita o Anjou (1820), Exile mai Grenada (1822) a, ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka opera kaulana loa o ia mau makahiki, ʻo The Crusader in Egypt (1824). He kūleʻa ʻaʻole ia ma ʻEulopa wale nō, akā ma ʻAmelika pū kekahi, ma Brazil, ua kaulana kekahi mau ʻāpana mai ia mea.

"ʻAʻole au i makemake e hoʻohālike iā Rossini," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Meyerbeer a me he mea lā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ia iho, "a kākau i ka ʻōlelo Italia, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei, akā pono wau e kākau pēlā ... no koʻu hoihoi i loko." ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻokipa ka nui o nā hoaaloha Kelemania o ka haku mele - a ʻo Weber ka mea nui - i kēia metamorphosis Italia. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi haʻahaʻa o nā keaka ʻItalia a Meyerbeer ma Kelemānia ʻaʻole i hoʻonāwaliwali i ka mea haku mele. He pahuhopu hou kāna: ʻo Paris - ke kikowaena politika a me ka moʻomeheu nui loa i kēlā manawa. I ka makahiki 1824, ua kono ʻia ʻo Meyerbeer i Palika e ka maestro Rossini wale nō, ʻaʻole ia i manaʻo i kēlā manawa ua hana ʻo ia i kahi mea make i kona kaulana. Hāʻawi pū ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana o The Crusader (1825), e kākoʻo ana i ka haku mele ʻōpio. I ka makahiki 1827, ua neʻe ʻo Meyerbeer i Paris, kahi i loaʻa ai kona home lua a kahi i kaulana ai ka honua iā ia.

ma Parisa i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1820. ke ola kālai'āina a me ka noʻeau. Ke kokoke mai nei ke kipi bourgeois o 1830. Ke hoʻomākaukau mālie nei ka bourgeoisie liberal i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā Bourbons. Hoʻopuni ʻia ka inoa ʻo Napoleon e nā moʻolelo aloha. Ke laha nei na manao o ka utopia socialism. ʻO Young V. Hugo i ka'ōlelo mua kaulana i ka pāʻani "Cromwell" e hoʻolaha i nā manaʻo o kahiʻano hana kiʻi hou - romanticism. Ma ka hale keaka mele, me na opera a E. Megul a me L. Cherubini, kaulana loa na hana a G. Spontini. ʻO nā kiʻi o nā Roma kahiko āna i hana ai i loko o ka manaʻo o ka poʻe Farani he mea like me nā koa o ke au Napoleonic. He mau keaka mele na G. Rossini, F. Boildieu, F. Aubert. Ua kākau ʻo G. Berlioz i kāna mea hou ʻo Fantastic Symphony. Hele mai nā mea kākau holomua mai nā ʻāina ʻē i Palika - L. Berne, G. Heine. Ke nānā pono nei ʻo Meyerbeer i ke ola Parisian, hana i nā pilina noʻeau a me nā ʻoihana, hele i nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni mua, ma waena o ia mau hana ʻelua no kahi keaka aloha - Aubert's The Mute from Portici (Fnella) (1828) a me Rossini's William Tell (1829). He mea koʻikoʻi ka hui ʻana o ka mea haku mele me ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana ʻo E. Scribe, he mea ʻike maikaʻi loa i ka hale keaka a me nā ʻono o ka lehulehu. ʻO ka hopena o kā lākou hui pū ʻana, ʻo ia ka keaka mele ʻo Robert the Devil (1831), he lanakila nui. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ʻālohilohi, nā hana ola, nā helu leo ​​kupaianaha, nā leo orchestral - lilo kēia mau mea i ʻano o nā keaka Meyerbeer ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka lanakila mua o The Huguenots (1836) i hoʻopau hope loa i kona mau hoa paio. Ua komo pū ka kaulana kaulana o Meyerbeer i kona ʻāina hānau - Kelemānia. I ka makahiki 1842, ua kono ʻo Friedrich Wilhelm IV iā ia i Berlin ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi mele nui. Ma ka Berlin Opera, loaʻa iā Meyerbeer iā R. Wagner no ka hana ʻana o The Flying Dutchman (ka mea kākau alakaʻi), kono iā Berlioz, Liszt, G. Marschner i Berlin, hoihoi i ka mele a M. Glinka a hoʻokani i kahi trio mai Ivan Susanin. . Ma ka huli ʻana, kākau ʻo Glinka: "Na Meyerbeer i alakaʻi ʻia ka orchestra, akā pono mākou e ʻae he mea hoʻokani pila maikaʻi loa ʻo ia ma nā ʻano āpau." No Berlin, kākau ka mea haku mele i ka opera Camp ma Silesia (ʻo ka hapa nui i hana ʻia e J. Lind kaulana), ma Paris, The Prophet (1849), The North Star (1854), Dinora (1859) are staged. ʻO ka opera hope loa a Meyerbeer, The African Woman, i ʻike i ke kahua i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o kona make ʻana, i ka makahiki 1865.

Ma kāna hana ʻoi loa, ʻike ʻia ʻo Meyerbeer ma ke ʻano he haku nui loa. ʻAʻole i hōʻole ʻia e kona mau hoa paio ʻo R. Schumann lāua ʻo R. Wagner kekahi talena mele papa mua, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke kahua o ka hoʻokani pila a me ke mele. ʻO ka mana virtuoso o ka orchestra e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻokō i nā hopena kiʻi maikaʻi loa a kupaianaha (he hiʻohiʻona i loko o ka hale pule, kahi hanana o ka moeʻuhane, kahi huakaʻi coronation i ka opera The Prophet, a i ʻole ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i nā pahi kaua ma The Huguenots). ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ka mākaukau a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mele mele. Ua ʻike ʻia ka mana o ka hana a Meyerbeer e nā mea he nui o kona wā, ʻo Wagner ma ka operas Rienzi, The Flying Dutchman, a me kekahi hapa ma Tannhäuser. Ua hoʻopio pū ʻia ka poʻe o kēia wā e ka manaʻo politika o nā keaka ʻo Meyerbeer. I loko o nā moʻolelo pseudo-historical, ʻike lākou i ka hakakā ʻana o nā manaʻo o kēia lā. Hiki i ka mea haku mele ke ʻike maʻalahi i ke au. Ua kākau ʻo Heine, ka mea hoihoi i ka hana a Meyerbeer: "He kanaka ʻo ia o kona manawa, a me ka manawa, ʻike mau i ke koho ʻana i kona poʻe, hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻo ia iā ia i ka pale kaua a hoʻolaha i kona aupuni."

E. Illeva

Nā haku mele:

kahawai – ʻO ka hoʻohiki ʻana a Iepeta (The Jephtas Oath, Jephtas Gelübde, 1812, Munich), Host and guest, or a joke (Wirth und Gast oder Aus Scherz Ernst, 1813, Stuttgart; under the title Two caliphs, Die beyden Kalifen, 1814, “trKer ”, Vienna; ma lalo o ka inoa Alimelek, 1820, Prague a me Vienna), Brandenburg Gate (Das Brandenburger Tor, 1814, ʻaʻole paʻa), Bachelor mai Salamanca (Le bachelier de Salamanque, 1815 (?), ʻaʻole i pau), haumāna mai Strasbourg (L'etudiant de Strasbourg, 1815 (?), ʻAʻole i pau), ʻo Robert lāua ʻo Elisa (1816, Palermo), Romilda lāua ʻo Constanta (melodrama, 1817, Padua), ʻike ʻia ʻo Semiramis (Semiramide riconsciuta, 1819, tr. "Reggio", Turin), Emma o Resburg (1819, tr "San Benedetto", Venice; ma lalo o ka inoa Emma Lester, a i ʻole Voice of Conscience, Emma von Leicester oder Die Stimme des Gewissens, 1820, Dresden), Margaret of Anjou ( 1820, tr " La Scala”, Milan), Almanzor (1821, ʻaʻole i pau), Hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai Grenada (Lʻesule di Granada, 1822, tr “La Scala”, Milan), Crusader ma ʻAigupita (Il crociato in Egitto, 1824, tr Fenich e”, Venice), Ines di Castro, or Pedro of Portugal (Ines di Castro o sia Pietro di Portogallo, melodrama, 1825, aole i pau), Robert ka Diabolo (Robert le Diable, 1831, “Lii. Academy of Music and Dance, Paris), Huguenots (Les Huguenots, 1835, post. 1836, ibid; ma Rusia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Guelphs and Ghibellines), ʻahaʻaina hoʻokolokolo ma Ferrara (Das Hoffest von Ferrara, he hana ʻoliʻoli no ka ʻaha carnival i kāhiko ʻia. Ball, 1843, Royal Palace, Berlin), Camp ma Silesia (Ein Feldlager in Schlesien, 1844, "King. Spectacle", Berlin), Noema, a i ʻole Mihi (Nolma ou Le repentir, 1846, ʻaʻole i pau.), Kāleka ( Le prophète, 1849, King's Academy of Music and Dance, Paris; ma Rusia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo The Siege of Ghent, a laila ʻo John of Leiden), ʻo ka Hōkū ʻĀkau (L'étoile du nord, 1854, Opera Comic, Paris) ; Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ke mele o ka opera Camp ma Silesia), Judith (1854, ʻaʻole i pau.), Ploermel kala (Le pardon de Ploërmel, i kapa mua ʻia ʻo Treasure Seeker, Le chercheur du tresor; ua kapa ʻia ʻo Dinora, a i ʻole Pilgrimage to Ploermel, Dinorah oder Die Wallfahrt nach Ploermel; 1859, tr Opera Comic, Paris), ʻApelika (inoa kumu ʻo Vasco da Gama, 1864, post. 1865, Grand Opera, Steam izh); divertissement – Ke holo i ka muliwai, a i ʻole ka Wahine Huhu (Le passage de la riviere ou La femme jalouse; i kapa ʻia ʻo The Fisherman and the Milkmaid, a i ʻole Nui o ka walaʻau ma muli o ka honi, 1810, tr "King of the Spectacle", Berlin) ; haʻiʻōlelo – Ke Akua a me ke ʻano (Gott und die Natur, 1811); no ka hookani pila – Ka huakaʻi ʻoliʻoli i ka poni ʻia o William I (1861) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe; poʻe mele aku – Halelu 91 (1853), Stabat Mater, Miserere, Te Deum, himeni, himeni no ka poe solo a me ka papa himeni (aole i paiia); no ka leo a me ka piano - Nā mele St. 40, nā mele aloha, nā ballads (ma nā paukū na IV Goethe, G. Heine, L. Relshtab, E. Deschamps, M. Bera, etc.); mele no na hana keaka keaka, me Struenze (keaka na M. Behr, 1846, Berlin), Opio o Goethe (La jeunesse de Goethe, hana keaka na A. Blaze de Bury, 1859, aole i hoopukaia).