Guillaume Dufay |
William Dufay
ʻO Franco-Flemish haku mele, kekahi o nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kula polyphonic Dutch (nānā. kula Holani). Ua hānai ʻia ʻo ia i kahi metris (kula halepule) ma ka hale pule ma Cambrai, hīmeni ʻo ia i ka manaolana o nā keikikāne; ua aʻo i ka haku mele me P. de Loqueville a me H. Grenon. Ua kākau ʻia nā haku mele mua (motet, ballad) i ka wā i noho ai ʻo Dufay ma ke aloaliʻi o Malatesta da Rimini ma Pesaro (1420-26). I ka makahiki 1428-37, he mele ʻo ia ma ka papa mele pope ma Roma, ua kipa aku i nā kūlanakauhale he nui ma Italia (Roma, Turin, Bologna, Florence, etc.), Farani, a me ka Duchy of Savoy. Ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i nā kauoha hemolele, noho ʻo ia ma ke alo o ke Duke o Savoy (1437-44). Hoʻihoʻi ʻia i Cambrai i kēlā me kēia manawa; ma hope o ka makahiki 1445 ua noho mau ʻo ia ma laila, e mālama ana i nā hana mele a pau o ka hale pule.
Hoʻokumu ʻo Dufay i ke ʻano nui o ka polyphony Dutch - he 4-leo nui. ʻO Cantus firmus, e hana ana ma ka hapa tenor a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka lehulehu, ua ʻaiʻē pinepine ʻia e ia mai nā mele mele a i ʻole nā mele mele honua ("Her little face turned pale" - "Se la face au pale", ca. 1450). 1450-60s - ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana a Dufay, ka manawa o ka hana ʻana i nā hana cyclic nui - nui. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana piha 9, a me nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka nui, nā motets (spiritual and secular, solemn, motets-songs), leo leo secular polyphonic haku mele – French chanson, Italian songs, etc.
Ma ke mele a Dufay, ua wehewehe ʻia kahi hale kūʻai chord, puka mai nā pilina tonic-dominant, akaka nā laina melodic; ʻO ka hoʻomaha kūikawā o ka leo mele kiʻekiʻe e hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike, nā ʻenehana canonical kokoke i nā mele mele.
ʻO ke kiʻi o Dufay, nāna i hoʻokō i nā mea he nui o ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, Palani, nā mele ʻItalia, ua loaʻa i ka ʻike ʻEulopa a loaʻa ka mana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kula polyphonic Dutch (a hiki i Josquin Despres). Aia i loko o ka Hale Waihona Puke Bodleian ma Oxford nā manuscript o 52 mau mea pāʻani Italia na Dufay, a he 19 mau mele 3-4-leo i paʻi ʻia e J. Steiner ma Sat. ʻO Dufay a me kona mau hoa noho (1899).
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Dufay ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono i ka notation mele (ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā memo me nā poʻo keʻokeʻo ma mua o nā memo ʻeleʻele i hoʻohana mua ʻia). Ua paʻiʻia nā hana kaʻawale a Dufay e G. Besseler i kāna mau hana ma nā mele kahiko, a ua komo pūʻia i loko o ka papahana "Denkmaler der Tonkunst ma Österreich" (VII, XI, XIX, XXVII, XXXI).
