György Ligeti |
György Ligeti
ʻO ka honua leo o Ligeti, wehe ʻia e like me ka peʻahi, ka manaʻo o kāna mele, hiki ʻole ke hōʻike ʻia i nā huaʻōlelo, ka ikaika cosmic, e hōʻike ana i nā pōʻino weliweli no hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau manawa, hāʻawi i kahi ʻike hohonu a paʻakikī i kāna mau hana ʻoiai, i ka nānā mua ʻana. , mamao lākou mai ka mea a i ʻole hanana. M. Pandey
ʻO D. Ligeti kekahi o nā mea haku mele ʻEulopa Komohana o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO nā ʻahaʻaina a me nā ʻaha kūkā, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia nā haʻawina he nui a puni ka honua i kāna hana. ʻO Ligeti ka mea nona nā inoa hanohano a me nā makana.
Ua aʻo ʻia ka mea haku mele ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe ʻo Budapest High School of Music (1945-49). Mai ka makahiki 1956 ua noho ʻo ia ma ke Komohana, e aʻo ana i nā ʻāina like ʻole, mai 1973 ua hana mau ʻo ia ma ke kula ʻo Hamburg School of Music. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Ligeti i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he Bartokian kūpaʻa me ka ʻike piha o nā mele kahiko. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻo ia iā Bartok, a i ka makahiki 1977 ua hana ʻo ia i kahi ʻano kiʻi mele o ka mea haku mele ma ka pāʻani "Monument" (ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana no nā piano ʻelua).
I ka makahiki 50. Ua hana ʻo Ligeti ma ke keena uila ʻo Cologne - ua kapa ʻo ia i kāna mau hoʻokolohua mua ʻo "finger gymnastics", a ua haʻi hou aku nei: "ʻAʻole au e hana me kahi kamepiula." ʻO Ligeti ka mea hoʻohewa mana mua o kekahi mau ʻano ʻenehana haku mele, maʻamau i nā makahiki 50. ma ke Komohana (serialism, aleatorics), hoʻolaʻa i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka mele a A. Webern, P. Boulez a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 60. Ua kohoʻo Ligeti i kahi ala kūʻokoʻa, e hoʻolaha ana i ka hoʻiʻana i ka weheʻana i ka'ōlelo mele, e hōʻoia ana i ka waiwai o ke kani a me ke kala. I loko o ka "non-impressionistic" orchestral haku mele "Visions" (1958-59), "Atmospheres" (1961), i lawe mai iā ia i kaulana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua ʻike ʻo Ligeti i nā hoʻonā timbre-colorful, spatial orchestral solutions e pili ana i ka ʻike kumu o ka ʻenehana polyphonic, ka mea. ka mea haku mele i kapa ʻia ʻo "micropolyphony". Aia nā aʻa genetic o ka manaʻo o Ligeti i ka mele a C. Debussy a me R. Wagner, B. Bartok a me A. Schoenberg. Ua wehewehe ka mea haku mele i ka micropolyphony penei: “polyphony i haku ʻia a paʻa i ka helu, ʻaʻole pono e lohe ʻia, ʻaʻole mākou e lohe i ka polyphony, akā ʻo ka mea e hana ai ... e hāʻawi wau i kahi laʻana: ʻo kahi hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō o kahi hau hau e ʻike ʻia, ʻo ka hapa nui. ua hunaia malalo o ka wai. Akā, pehea ke ʻano o kēia hau hau, ka neʻe ʻana, ka holoi ʻia ʻana e nā au like ʻole o ke kai - pili kēia mau mea āpau ʻaʻole wale i kona ʻike ʻia, akā i kona ʻāpana ʻike ʻole. ʻO ia ke kumu aʻu e ʻōlelo ai: ʻaʻole kūpono kaʻu mau haku mele a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Hōʻike wau i nā kikoʻī he nui ʻole i lohe ʻia e lākou iho. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i hōʻike ʻia kēia mau kikoʻī he mea nui ia i ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa ... "
Ua noʻonoʻo wau i kahi hale nui, kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai nā kikoʻī he nui. Eia nō naʻe, pāʻani lākou i kahi hana ma ke ʻano nui, i ka hana ʻana i ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā haku mele static a Ligeti i nā loli i ka nui o nā mea kani, nā hoʻololi like ʻana o nā leo kala, nā mokulele, nā kiko a me nā nui, ma ka loli ma waena o nā hopena kani a me nā kani: e like me ka mea haku mele, "ʻo nā manaʻo kumu e pili ana i nā labyrinths ākea ākea i piha me nā kani a me nā leo mālie. ʻO nā hoʻololi spatial e lilo i kumu nui i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka mele (manawa - saturation a māmā paha, density a sparseness, immobility a i ʻole ka wikiwiki o kona kahe ʻana e pili pono ana i nā loli i nā "labyrinths musical". ʻO nā mele ʻē aʻe o Ligeti ʻO nā makahiki 60 e pili pū ana me nā makahiki kani leo: nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o kāna Requiem (1963-65), ka hana orchestral "Lontano" (1967), e hoʻohuli i kekahi mau manaʻo o ka "romanticism i kēia lā." on synesthesia, inherent in the master.
ʻO ka pae aʻe o ka hana a Ligeti i hōʻailona i kahi hoʻololi lohi i ka dinamika. Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻimi ʻana me nā mele hoʻomaha loa ma Adventures and New Adventures (1962-65) - nā haku mele no nā soloists a me nā mea kani. ʻO kēia mau ʻike i loko o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni lapuwale i paʻa i ke ala no nā ʻano kuʻuna nui. ʻO ka hoʻokō koʻikoʻi o kēia wā ʻo ia ka Requiem, e hui pū ana i nā manaʻo o ka haku mele a me ka hoʻoikaika a me ka dramaturgy.
Ma ka hapa lua o ka 60s. Hoʻomaka ʻo Ligeti e hana me "polyphony ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka palupalu", e hoʻoikaika ana i ka maʻalahi a me ka pili o ka ʻōlelo. Aia kēia manawa i nā lālā no ka string orchestra a i ʻole 12 soloists (1968-69), Melodies for orchestra (1971), Chamber Concerto (1969-70), Double Concerto for flute, oboe and orchestra (1972). I kēia manawa, ua hoihoi ka mea haku mele i ka mele a C. Ives, ma lalo o ka manaʻo i kākau ʻia ai ka hana orchestral "San Francisco Polyphony" (1973-74). Manaʻo nui ʻo Ligeti a ʻōlelo ʻoluʻolu e pili ana i nā pilikia o ka polystylistic a me ka collage mele. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻenehana collage iā ia - makemake ʻo Ligeti iā ia iho i "nā noʻonoʻo, ʻaʻole nā ʻōlelo, nā ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole nā hua'ōlelo." ʻO ka hopena o kēia ʻimi ʻana, ʻo ia ka opera The Great Dead Man (1978), i hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻia ma Stockholm, Hamburg, Bologna, Paris, a me Lākana.
ʻIke nā hana o nā makahiki 80 i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole: Trio no ka violin, horn and piano (1982) - kahi ʻano hoʻolaʻa iā I. Brahms, pili pili ʻole me ke kumumanaʻo aloha ʻEkolu mau manaʻo ma nā pauku na F. Hölderlin no ka hui mele he ʻumikumamāono leo hui ʻia a cappella (1982), kūpaʻa i nā kuʻuna o nā mele Hungarian e ka "Hungarian etudes" i nā paukū a Ch. ʻO Veresh no ka hui mele he ʻumikumamāono leo a cappella (1982).
Hōʻike ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona hou i ka piano etudes (First Notebook - 1985, etudes No. 7 a me No. 8 - 1988), e hoʻohuli ana i nā manaʻo like ʻole - mai ka piano impressionistic i ka mele ʻApelika, a me ka Piano Concerto (1985-88).
Hāpai ʻia ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo o Ligeti e nā mele mai nā au a me nā kuʻuna. ʻO nā hui inevitable, ka hui ʻana o nā manaʻo mamao a me nā manaʻo ke kumu o kāna mau haku mele, e hui pū ana i ka illusory a me ka naʻau.
M. Lobanova
