Moolelo o ka harpsichord

ʻO ka harpsichord kahi mākaʻikaʻi o nā mea kani keyboard, ua hāʻule ka kiʻekiʻe o kona kaulana i ka manawa o nā kenekulia 16-17, i ka wā i hoʻokani ai ka helu o nā mea haku mele kaulana i kēlā manawa.

Mea kani ka wanaʻao a me ka lā

ʻO ka haʻi mua ʻana o ka harpsichord mai 1397. I ka Renaissance mua, ua wehewehe ʻia e Giovanni Boccaccio i kāna Decameron. He mea pono ke kiʻi ʻia ke kiʻi kahiko loa o ka harpsichord i ka makahiki 1425. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kuahu ma ke kūlanakauhale Kelemania ʻo Minden. Ua iho mai iā mākou nā harpsichord o ke kenekulia 16, i hana nui ʻia ma Venice, Italia.

Ma ʻEulopa ʻĀkau, ua lawe ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā harpsichords mai 1579 e nā mea hana Flemish mai ka ʻohana Rückers. I kēia manawa, hoʻololi ka hoʻolālā o ka mea kani, ʻoi aku ke kaumaha o ke kino, a lilo nā kaula elongated, i hāʻawi i kahi kala timbre hohonu.

ʻO kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mea kani i hoʻokani ʻia e ka ʻohana aliʻi Farani Blanche, ma hope o Taskin. ʻO nā haku Pelekane o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻike ʻia nā ʻohana Schudy a me Kirkman. He kino ʻoka ko lākou mau pahu kani a ua ʻike ʻia e ka leo momona.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18, ua hoʻopau loa ʻia ka harpsichord e ka piano. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike hope loa i hana ʻia e Kirkman i ka makahiki 1809. Ma 1896 wale nō, ua hoʻōla hou ka haku Pelekane ʻo Arnold Dolmech i ka hana ʻana o ka mea kani. Ma hope mai, ua lawe ʻia ka hana e nā mea hana Farani ʻo Pleyel a me Era, nāna i hoʻomaka e hana i ka harpsichord, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻenehana holomua o ia manawa. He kiʻi kila ka hoʻolālā e hiki ai ke hoʻopaʻa i ke kuʻekuʻe o nā kaula mānoanoa.

Milestones

ʻO ka harpsichord kahi mea kani ʻano kīpē. Ma nā ʻano he nui, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mea kani Helene ohi ʻia, kahi i unuhi ʻia ai ke kani ma o ka mīkini kīpē me ka peni quill. Ua kapa ʻia ka mea hoʻokani pila he mea hoʻokani pila, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokani pono i ka ʻōkana a me ka clavichord. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua manaʻo ʻia ka harpsichord he mea kani no nā aristocrats, ʻoiai ua hana ʻia mai nā lāʻau makamae wale nō. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā kī me nā unahi, nā pūpū honu, a me nā pōhaku makamae.

Mea hoʻokani pila

Ua like ka harpsichord me kahi huinakolu elongated. ʻO nā kaula i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mīkini kīpē. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kī kahi pahu pahu lele. Hoʻopili ʻia kahi langetta ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka pahu pahu, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka plectrum (alelo) o ka hulu o ke koo, ʻo ia ka mea e uhuki i ke kaula ke kaomi ʻia ke kī. Aia ma luna aʻe o ka ʻohe kahi damper i hana ʻia i ka ʻili a i ʻole ka manaʻo, kahi e hoʻopau ai i nā haʻalulu o ke kaula.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻololi e hoʻololi i ka leo a me ka timbre o ka harpsichord. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi crescendo maʻemaʻe a me ka deminuendo ma kēia mea kani. I ke kenekulia 15, ʻo 3 octaves ka laulā o ka mea kani, me kekahi mau memo chromatic e nalowale ana ma ka pae haʻahaʻa. I ke kenekulia 16, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka laulā i 4 octaves, a i ke kenekulia 18th ua loaʻa i ka mea kani he 5 octaves. ʻO kahi mea kani maʻamau no ke kenekulia 18 he 2 kīpē (manual), 2 pūʻulu o nā kaula 8ʻ a me 1 - 4ʻ, i kani ka octave kiʻekiʻe. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana hoʻokahi a hui pū, e hoʻohui i ka timbre i kāu koho. Ua hoʻolako pū ʻia kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "lute register" a i ʻole nasal timbre. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ia mea, pono e hoʻohana i kahi kani liʻiliʻi o nā kaula me nā ʻōpala a i ʻole nā ​​ʻili.

ʻO nā harpsichords māmā loa ʻo J. Chambonière, JF Rameau, F. Couperin, LK Daken a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui.