Kani mele a me kona mau waiwai

ʻO ka pāʻani "4'33"" na John Cage he 4 mau minuke a me 33 kekona o ka hāmau. Me ka ʻokoʻa o kēia hana, hoʻohana nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke kani.

ʻO ke kani ke mele i ka pena pena, ʻo ka ʻōlelo i ka mea kākau, a ʻo ka pōhaku pōhaku i ka mea kūkulu. ʻO ke kani ka mea o ke mele. Pono e ʻike ka mea kani i ka hana ʻana o ke kani? ʻO ka ʻōlelo paʻa, ʻaʻole. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole ʻike ka mea kūkulu hale i nā waiwai o ka mea i kūkulu ʻia ai. ʻO ka hiolo ʻana o ka hale ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka pilikia, ʻo ia ka pilikia o ka poʻe e noho ana ma kēia hale.

I ke alapine hea ka leo C?

He aha nā waiwai o ke kani mele a mākou i ʻike ai?

E lawe kākou i ke kaula i laʻana.

Volume. Ua pili i ka amplitude. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o kā mākou paʻi ʻana i ke kaula, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka amplitude o kāna mau haʻalulu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kani.

lōʻihi Aia kekahi mau leo ​​kamepiula hana i hiki ke kani no ka manawa lōʻihi, akā ma ka maʻamau, hiki ke kani i kekahi manawa a kū i kekahi manawa. Me ke kōkua o ka lōʻihi o ke kani, hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kiʻi rhythmic a pau i ke mele.

Kiʻekiʻe. Ua maʻa mākou i ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ke kani ʻana o kekahi mau memo, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa. ʻO ke kani o ke kani e pili ana i ke alapine o ka haʻalulu o ke kaula. Ana ʻia ia ma hertz (Hz): hoʻokahi hertz hoʻokahi manawa i kekona. No laila, inā, no ka laʻana, ʻo 100 Hz ka alapine o ke kani, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke kaula i 100 mau haʻalulu i kekona.

Inā wehe mākou i kekahi wehewehe o ka ʻōnaehana mele, e ʻike maʻalahi mākou i ka pinepine a hiki i kahi octave liʻiliʻi ʻo 130,81 Hz, no laila i kekona ke hoʻopuka ʻia ke kaula i, hana i 130,81 oscillations.

Akā ʻaʻole kēia he ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Kaha Pono

No laila, e hōʻike i ka mea a mākou i wehewehe ai ma ke kiʻi (Fig. 1). No ka manawa, hoʻolei mākou i ka lōʻihi o ke kani a hōʻike wale i ka pitch a me ka leo nui.

Eia ka pahu ʻulaʻula e hōʻike ana i kā mākou kani. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia pā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kani. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o kēia kolamu, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kani. No ka laʻana, ʻelua mau leo ​​ma ka Fig. 2 e like ka leo, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lua (uliuli) ma mua o ka mua (ʻulaʻula).

Ua kapa ʻia kēlā pakuhi i ka ʻepekema ʻo ka amplitude-frequency response (AFC). He mea maʻamau ke aʻo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona a pau o nā leo.

I kēia manawa hoʻi i ke kaula.

Ina ua wiliwili ke kaula holookoa (Fig. 3), alaila, e kani maoli no ia, e like me ia i hoikeia ma ka Fig. oscillation, ma muli o ke kuʻekuʻe a me ka lōʻihi o ke kaula.

Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻolohe i ke kani i hoʻopuka ʻia e kēlā ʻano haʻalulu o ke kaula.

* * *

He ʻilihune paha, ʻaʻole anei?

ʻO kēia no ka mea, e like me nā kānāwai o ka physics, ʻaʻole haʻalulu ke kaula e like me kēia.

Ua ʻike nā mea pāʻani kaula a pau inā ʻoe e hoʻopā i kahi kaula i waenakonu, me ka ʻole o ke kaomi ʻana i ka fretboard, a hahau iā ia, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa kahi leo i kapa ʻia. flagolet. I kēia hihia, e like me kēia ke ʻano o nā haʻalulu o ke kaula (Fig. 4).

Me he mea lā ua māhele ʻia ke kaula i ʻelua, a kani kaʻawale kēlā me kēia hapa.

Mai ka physics ʻike ʻia: ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ke kaula, ʻo ka wikiwiki ka haʻalulu. Ma ke kiʻi 4, ʻelua manawa pōkole o kēlā me kēia hapa ma mua o ke kaula holoʻokoʻa. No laila, ʻo ka pinepine o ka leo e loaʻa iā mākou ma kēia ʻano, ʻoi aku ka pālua o ke kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻopunipuni, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi haʻalulu o ke kaula i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai mākou e pāʻani i ka harmonic, aia nō ia i ke kaula "open". ʻO ia wale nō ke wehe ʻia ke kaula, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻike ʻana, a ma ke kau ʻana i ka manamana lima ma waena, ua hōʻike mākou.

E kōkua ke Kiʻi 5 i ka pane ʻana i ka nīnau pehea e hiki ai i ke kaula ke haʻalulu i ka manawa like ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa a me ʻelua hapa.

Piʻo ke kaula holoʻokoʻa, a ʻelua hapa hawewe e oscillate ma luna e like me ke ʻano ʻewalu. ʻO ke kiʻi ʻewalu e kowali ana ma kahi kowali, ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻano haʻalulu ʻelua.

He aha ka hopena o ke kani ke haʻalulu ke kaula ma kēia ʻano?

He mea maʻalahi loa ia: i ka wā e haʻalulu ai ke kaula holoʻokoʻa, hoʻopuka ia i kahi leo o kahi pitch, kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka leo kumu. A ke haʻalulu ʻelua hapa (ʻewalu), loaʻa iā mākou ke kani ʻelua ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe. Ke pāʻani nei kēia mau kani i ka manawa like. Ma ka pane alapine, e like me kēia (Fig. 6).

ʻO ke kolamu ʻeleʻele ka leo nui e puka mai ana mai ka haʻalulu o ke kaula "holo", ʻo ka māmā māmā ʻelua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pōʻeleʻele, loaʻa mai ka vibration o ka "ʻewalu". Kapa ʻia kēlā me kēia pā ma ia pakuhi he harmonic. E like me ke kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka leo o nā harmonics kiʻekiʻe, no laila ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka kolamu ʻelua ma mua o ka mua.

Akā ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia nā harmonics i nā mea mua ʻelua. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻohui paʻakikī o kahi kiʻi-ʻewalu me kahi kowali, ʻo ke kaula i ka manawa like e pio e like me ʻekolu hapa-hawewe, e like me ʻehā, e like me ka ʻelima, a pēlā aku. (Fig. 7).

No laila, hoʻohui ʻia nā leo i nā harmonics mua ʻelua, i ʻekolu, ʻehā, ʻelima, etc. Ma ka pane pinepine, e hāʻawi kēia i ke kiʻi like (Fig. 8).

Loaʻa ia ʻano conglomerate paʻakikī ke kani hoʻokahi kaula. Loaʻa iā ia nā harmonic a pau mai ka mua (i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kumu) a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā harmonics a pau koe ka mea mua i kapa ʻia he overtones, ʻo ia hoʻi i unuhi ʻia i ka ʻōlelo Lūkini - "nā leo kiʻekiʻe".

Hoʻoikaika hou mākou ʻo ia ka manaʻo kumu nui o ke kani, ʻo ia ke kani ʻana o nā kaula āpau o ka honua. Eia kekahi, me nā hoʻololi liʻiliʻi, hāʻawi nā mea kani makani a pau i ke ʻano leo like.

Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ke kani, ʻike mākou i kēia kūkulu ʻana:

KA LEO = KA LEO GROUND + NUI A PAU

Aia ma ke kumu o kēia hale i kūkulu ʻia kona mau hiʻohiʻona harmonic a pau i ke mele. Hiki ke wehewehe maʻalahi ʻia nā waiwai o nā wā, nā chord, tunings, a me nā mea hou aku inā ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ke kani.

Aka, ina e kani na kaula a pau a me na pu a pau, no ke aha la kakou e ike ai i ka piano mai ka violin, a me ke kika mai ka ohe?

Pākuʻi

Hiki ke paʻakikī ka nīnau i haku ʻia ma luna, no ka mea, hiki i nā poʻe loea ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi kīkā mai kekahi. ʻElua mau mea kani o ke ʻano like, me nā kaula like, kani, a ʻike ke kanaka i ka ʻokoʻa. ʻAe, malihini?

Ma mua o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kēia mea ʻino, e lohe kākou i ke kani ʻana o ke kaula kūpono i wehewehe ʻia ma ka paukū mua. E kani kakou i ka pakuhi ma ke kii 8.

* * *

Me he mea lā ua like ia me ke kani ʻana o nā mea kani maoli, akā ua nalowale kekahi mea.

ʻAʻole lawa ka "kūpono ʻole".

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ka honua ʻaʻohe ʻelua mau kaula like ʻole. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kaula kona mau hiʻohiʻona, ʻoiai he microscopic, akā pili i kona kani. Hiki i nā hemahema ke ʻokoʻa loa: hoʻololi ka mānoanoa ma ka lōʻihi o ke kaula, nā ʻano mea like ʻole, nā kīnā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻāʻī i ka wā o ka haʻalulu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. (e like me ka maʻalahi i ka makū), ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka mea kani e pili ana i ka mea hoʻolohe, a ʻoi aku ka nui, a hiki i ka geometry o ka lumi.

He aha ka hana a kēia mau hiʻohiʻona? Hoʻololi iki lākou i ka pakuhi ma ke Kiʻi 8. ʻAʻole paha he nui nā harmonics ma luna, hoʻololi iki i ka ʻākau a hema paha, hiki ke loli nui ka leo o nā harmonics ʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻia nā overtones ma waena o nā harmonics (Fig. 9). .).

ʻO ka maʻamau, pili nā nuances a pau o ke kani i ka manaʻo paʻakikī o ka timbre.

ʻO ka Timbre kahi huaʻōlelo kūpono loa no nā ʻano leo o kahi mea kani. Eia naʻe, ʻelua pilikia me kēia huaʻōlelo aʻu e makemake ai e kuhikuhi.

ʻO ka pilikia mua inā mākou e wehewehe i ka timbre e like me kā mākou i hana ai ma luna, a laila hoʻokaʻawale mākou i nā mea kani ma ka pepeiao ʻaʻole ma o ia. E like me ke kānāwai, hopu mākou i nā ʻokoʻa ma ka hapa mua o kekona o ke kani. Kapa ʻia kēia manawa ʻo ka hoʻouka ʻana, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ke kani. ʻO ke koena o ka manawa, ʻano like ke kani ʻana o nā sruns āpau. No ka hōʻoia ʻana i kēia, e hoʻolohe kākou i kahi leka ma ka piano, akā me kahi manawa hoʻouka kaua "oki ʻia".

* * *

ʻAe, paʻakikī loa ka ʻike ʻana i ka piano kaulana i kēia kani.

ʻO ka pilikia ʻelua, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau, i ka wā e kamaʻilio ai e pili ana i ke kani, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka leo nui, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau e pili ana i ka timbre, me he mea lā he mea ʻole a ʻaʻole hoʻokani ʻia i nā hana mele. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia. Pono e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hiʻohiʻona o kēlā me kēia kanaka, e like me nā overtones a me nā deviations o nā harmonics, mai ke kumu kumu o ke kani. He liʻiliʻi ka hopena o nā hiʻohiʻona o kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā hana mele. Akā ʻo ke ʻano kumu - nā harmonics lehulehu, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig.

E kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka wehewehe ʻana o kēia ʻano hana i nā hana mele i ka wā aʻe.

Mea kākau – Roman Oleinikov Nā leo leo – ʻO Ivan Soshinsky