Nikolai Nikolaevich Figner (Nicolai Figner) |

Nicolai Figner

ʻO Russian mele, ʻoihana, kumu leo. ʻO ke kāne o ka mea mele ʻo MI Figner. ʻO ke akamai o kēia mea mele i hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa, i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mea mele-actor i lilo i mea kupaianaha ma ke kula opera Lūkini.

I kekahi manawa ua kākau ʻo Sobinov, e pili ana iā Figner: "Ma lalo o ke ʻano o kāu talena, haʻalulu nā puʻuwai puʻuwai. ʻAʻole e poina ʻia kēlā mau manawa o ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka nani e kekahi i lohe iā ʻoe.

A eia ka manaʻo o ka mea hoʻokani mele kupaianaha ʻo A. Pazovsky: "No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi leo tenor hiʻohiʻona ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka nani o ka timbre, akā naʻe ua ʻike ʻo Figner i ka hoʻoulu ʻana, i kekahi manawa hoʻi i ka haʻalulu, me kāna mele ʻana i nā anaina like ʻole. , me nā mea koi loa i nā mea o ka leo a me ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi."

Ua hānauʻiaʻo Nikolai Nikolayevich Figner ma ke kūlanakauhaleʻo Mamadysh, ka mokuʻo Kazan, i ka lā 21 o Pepeluali, 1857. I ka wā mua, ua aʻoʻo ia ma ka hale haʻuki Kazan. Akā, no kaʻaeʻole iā ia e hoʻopau i ka papa ma laila, ua hoʻouna kona mau mākua iā ia i ka St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, kahi i komo ai i ka lā 11 o Kepakemapa, 1874. Mai laila mai,ʻehā makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻokuʻuʻiaʻo Nikolai ma keʻano he midshipman.

Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo Figner i ka holo moana, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Figner e holo ma luna o ka mokuahi Askold, kahi āna i hoʻokele ai i ka honua. I ka makahiki 1879, ua hookiekieia o Nikolai i midshipman, a ma ka la 9 o Feberuari, 1881, ua hoopauia oia no ka ma'i mai ka lawelawe ana me ke kulana Lutanela.

Ua hoʻopau koke ʻia kāna ʻoihana moana ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau. Ua alohaʻo Nikolai i kahi Italian Bonn i lawelawe ma kaʻohana o kāna mau hoaaloha. Ma ka like ole o na rula o ka oihana koa, ua hooholo o Figner e mare koke me ka ae ole o kona mau luna. Ua lawe malū ʻo Nikolai iā Louise a mare iā ia.

ʻO kahi hana hou, i hoʻomākaukau ʻole ʻia e ke ola ma mua, ua hoʻomaka i ka moʻolelo o Figner. Hoʻoholo ʻo ia e lilo i mele. Hele ʻo ia i ka Conservatory o St. Petersburg. Ma ka hoʻāʻo conservatory, lawe ke kumu baritone kaulana a me ke kumu mele IP Pryanishnikov iā Figner i kāna papa.

Eia naʻe, ʻo Pryanishnikov mua, a laila ua hoʻomaopopo ke kumu kaulana ʻo K. Everardi iā ia ʻaʻohe ona mana leo, a aʻo iā ia e haʻalele i kēia manaʻo. He ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o Figner e pili ana i kāna talena.

I nā pule pōkole o ke aʻo ʻana, hiki mai ʻo Figner i kahi hopena, akā naʻe. "Pono wau i ka manawa, makemake a hana!" wahi āna iā ia iho. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kākoʻo waiwai i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia, ua haʻalele ʻo ia me Louise, ka mea e kali ana i kahi keiki, i Italia. Ma Milan, manaʻolana ʻo Figner e ʻike ʻia mai nā kumu leo ​​kaulana.

"Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana i ka Christopher Gallery ma Milan, kēia hoʻololi mele, hāʻule ʻo Figner i loko o ka paʻa ʻana o kekahi charlatan mai nā" kumu mele, a haʻalele koke ʻo ia iā ia ʻaʻole wale me ke kālā ʻole, akā me ka leo ʻole, kākau ʻo Levick. - Ua ʻike kekahi poʻe hīmeni supernumerary - ka Greek Deroxas - e pili ana i kona kūlana kaumaha a hāʻawi i ka lima kōkua iā ia. Lawe ʻo ia iā ia ma ka hilinaʻi piha a hoʻomākaukau iā ia no ke kahua i ʻeono mahina. I ka makahiki 1882 e hoʻomaka ʻo NN Figner i kāna hoʻomaka ma Naples.

Hoʻomaka i kahi ʻoihana ma ke Komohana, ʻo NN Figner, ma ke ʻano he kanaka ʻike a naʻauao, nānā pono i nā mea āpau. He ʻōpiopio nō naʻe ʻo ia, akā ua lawa ʻo ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana ma ke ala o hoʻokahi mele leo leo ʻoluʻolu, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Italia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kākalaioa ma mua o nā roses. ʻO ka loiloi o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hana - ʻo ia nā milestones āna i kālele ai. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻomohala iā ia iho i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike kiʻi a hoʻoholo i nā palena o ka mea i kapa ʻia he ʻono maikaʻi.

Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Figner, ʻo ka hapa nui, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka poʻe mele opera ʻItalia ka recitative, a inā hana lākou, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopili pono iā ia. Manaʻo lākou i nā aria a i ʻole nā ​​​​huaʻōlelo me ka leo kiʻekiʻe, me ka hopena kūpono no ka hoʻopiha ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano kani āpau, me kahi kūlana leo maikaʻi a i ʻole ke kani ʻana o nā leo hoʻowalewale i ka tessitura, akā ua hoʻohuli ʻia lākou mai ka hana ke hīmeni nā hoa. . ʻAʻole lākou i manaʻo i nā hui, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā wahi e hōʻike maoli ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi hiʻohiʻona, a ʻaneʻane e hīmeni mau lākou me ka leo piha, ʻo ia hoʻi i hiki ke lohe ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻo Figner i ka manawa ʻaʻole hōʻike kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ka pono o ka mea mele, he mea pōʻino pinepine lākou i ka manaʻo noʻeau holoʻokoʻa a kūʻē pinepine i ka manaʻo o ka haku mele. Ma mua o kona mau maka, aia nā mele Lūkini maikaʻi loa o kona manawa, a me nā kiʻi nani o Susanin, Ruslan, Holofernes i hana ʻia e lākou.

A ʻo ka mea mua e hoʻokaʻawale ai iā Figner mai kāna mau ʻanuʻu mua, ʻo ia ka hōʻike ʻana i nā recitatives, ʻokoʻa no kēlā manawa ma ke kahua Italia. ʻAʻole hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka laina mele, ʻaʻole hoʻokahi leo ma waho o ka hoʻopā ʻana me ka huaʻōlelo… ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona lua o ka hīmeni ʻana a Figner ʻo ka helu pololei ʻana o ka mālamalama a me ke aka, ka leo momona a me ka semitone i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, nā ʻano like ʻole.

Me he mea lā e manaʻo ana i ka leo akamai a Chaliapin "ʻoihana", ua hiki iā Figner ke mālama i kāna poʻe hoʻolohe ma lalo o ke ʻano o kahi huaʻōlelo maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka sonority holoʻokoʻa, ka liʻiliʻi o kēlā me kēia leo i kaʻawale - e like me ka mea e pono ai no ka mea mele e lohe like ʻia ma nā kihi a pau o ke keʻena a no ka mea hoʻolohe e hiki i nā kala kala.

Ma lalo o ʻeono mahina ma hope mai, ua lanakila ʻo Figner i kāna hoʻomaka mua ma Naples ma Gounod's Philemon a me Baucis, a i kekahi mau lā ma hope mai ma Faust. Ua ʻike koke ʻia ʻo ia. Ua hoihoi lākou. Ua hoʻomaka ka huakaʻi ma nā kūlanakauhale like ʻole o Italia. Eia kekahi o na pane hoihoi o ka nupepa Italia. Ua kākau ka nūpepa ʻo Rivista (Ferrara) i ka makahiki 1883: “ʻO ka tenor Figner, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe ona leo o ka laulā nui, hoʻokipa ʻo ia me ka momona o nā huaʻōlelo, ka leo kūpono ʻole, ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana a, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea āpau, ka nani o nā memo kiʻekiʻe. , ka mea kani maʻemaʻe a me ka ikaika me ia, me ka hoʻoikaika ʻole iki. I loko o ka aria "Aloha ʻoe, ka hale hoʻāno", ma kahi ʻāpana i maikaʻi ai ʻo ia, hāʻawi ka mea pena i ka pahu "hana" me ka maopopo a me ke kani ʻana e hoʻopiʻi ai i ka ʻino loa. Loaʻa nā manawa maikaʻi i ka trio hoʻokūkū, i ka duet aloha a i ka trio hope. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo kāna mau mea, ʻoiai ʻaʻole palena ʻole, e hāʻawi mau iā ia i kēia manawa, makemake ʻia e hoʻopiha ʻia nā manawa ʻē aʻe me ka manaʻo like a me ka hoihoi like, ʻo ia hoʻi ka prologue, e koi ana i kahi wehewehe ʻoi aku ka makemake a me ka hoʻomaopopo. He ʻōpiopio nō ka mea hīmeni. Akā, mahalo i ka naʻauao a me nā ʻano maikaʻi i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia me ka lokomaikaʻi, hiki iā ia - hāʻawi ʻia i kahi repertoire i koho pono ʻia - e holomua i kona ala.

Ma hope o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana iā Italia, hoʻokani ʻo Figner ma Sepania a huakaʻi ʻo ʻAmelika Hema. Ua kaulana koke kona inoa. Ma hope o ʻAmelika Hema, hahai nā hana ma ʻEnelani. No laila, lilo ʻo Figner no ʻelima mau makahiki (1882-1887) i kekahi o nā mea kaulana i ka hale opera ʻEulopa o ia manawa.

I ka makahiki 1887, ua kono 'ia 'o ia i ka Hale Keaka Mariinsky, a ma na olelo maikai i ike ole ia. A laila, ʻo ka uku kiʻekiʻe loa o kahi mea pena kiʻi o ka Mariinsky Theatre he 12 tausani rubles i ka makahiki. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻaelike me nā kāne Figner mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana i hāʻawi ʻia no ka uku o 500 rubles no ka hana me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o 80 mau hana i kēlā me kēia kau, ʻo ia hoʻi, he 40 tausani rubles i ka makahiki!

I kēlā manawa, ua haʻalele ʻia ʻo Louise e Figner ma Italia, a ua noho pū kāna kaikamahine ma laila. Ma ka huakaʻi, ua hālāwai ʻo ia me kahi mele ʻōpio Italia, ʻo Medea May. Me ia, ua hoʻi ʻo Figner i St. Petersburg. Ma hope koke iho, ua lilo ʻo Medea i wahine nāna. Ua hoʻokumu nā kāne male i kahi duet leo maikaʻi loa i hoʻonani i ke kahua opera o ke kapikala no nā makahiki he nui.

I ʻApelila 1887, ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kahua o ka Mariinsky Theatre e like me Radamès, a mai ia manawa a hiki i 1904 ua noho ʻo ia i alakaʻi nui o ka hui, kona kākoʻo a me ka haʻaheo.

Malia paha, i mea e mau ai ka inoa o keia mea mele, ua lawa ia i ka mea nana i hana mua i na mahele a Herman ma The Queen of Spades. No laila ua kākau ka loio kaulana ʻo AF Koni: “Ua hana ʻo NN Figner i nā mea kupanaha e like me Herman. Ua hoʻomaopopo a hōʻike ʻo ia iā Herman ma ke ʻano he kiʻi maʻi holoʻokoʻa o kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo ... I koʻu ʻike ʻana iā NN Figner, kahaha wau. Pīhoihoi au i ka nui o kāna hōʻike pololei ʻana a hohonu hoʻi i ka pupule ... a pehea i ulu ai i loko ona. Inā he psychiatrist ʻoihana wau, e ʻōlelo wau i ka lehulehu: "E hele e ʻike iā NN Figner. E hōʻike ʻo ia iā ʻoe i ke kiʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ka pupule, ʻaʻole ʻoe e hālāwai a loaʻa ʻole! I ko mākou nānā ʻana i ke alo o Nikolai Nikolayevich, i ka nānā ʻana i kahi kikoʻī a me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, lilo ia i mea weliweli iā ia ... ʻO ka mea i ʻike iā NN Figner ma ke ʻano o Herman, hiki iā ia ke hahai i nā pae o ka pupule ma kāna pāʻani. . ʻO kēia kahi e komo ai kāna hana nui. ʻAʻole wau i ʻike iā Nikolai Nikolayevich i kēlā manawa, akā ma hope ua loaʻa iaʻu ka hanohano e hālāwai me ia. Ua nīnau au iā ia: "E haʻi mai iaʻu, e Nikolai Nikolayevich, i hea ʻoe i aʻo ai i ka pupule? Ua heluhelu paha ʻoe i nā puke a i ʻole ua ʻike paha ʻoe iā lākou?' — 'Aole, aole au i heluhelu a i ao ia mau mea, me he mea la ia'u. He intuition kēia. ”…

'Oia'i'o, 'a'ole wale ma ke 'ano o Herman i hō'ike mai i kāna kālena hana kupanaha. E like me ka hanu ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo kāna Canio ma Pagliacci. A ma kēia hana, ua hoʻopuka maikaʻi ka mea mele i kahi hui holoʻokoʻa o nā manaʻo, e loaʻa ana i kahi manawa pōkole o hoʻokahi hana o kahi piʻi nui nui, e hoʻopau ana i kahi denouement pōʻino. Ua haʻalele ka mea pena i ka manaʻo ikaika loa i ke kuleana o Jose (Carmen), kahi i noʻonoʻo ʻia ai nā mea āpau o kāna pāʻani, ʻae ʻia i loko a i ka manawa like me ka makemake.

Ua kākau ʻo V. Kolomiytsev ka mea hoʻokani mele ma ka hopena o 1907, i ka wā i hoʻopau ai ʻo Figner i kāna mau hana.

“I kona noho ʻana ma St. Petersburg he iwakālua makahiki, ua hīmeni ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana he nui. ʻAʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ʻo ia ma nā wahi āpau, akā ʻo kēlā repertoire o "ʻaʻahu a me ka pahi kaua", aʻu i ʻōlelo ai ma luna, ua kūpono loa ia i kona ʻano ʻano kiʻi. ʻO ia ka meʻe o nā manaʻo ikaika a kupaianaha, ʻoiai ke ʻano hoʻokani pila. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā opera Lūkini a me Kelemania i ka hapa nui o nā hihia nona. Ma keʻano laulā, no ka pololei a me ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻole, pono e'ōleloʻiaʻaʻole i hanaʻo Figner i nāʻano papahana likeʻole (ma keʻano, no ka laʻana, hanaʻo Chaliapin iā lākou): kokoke i nā manawa a pau a i nā mea a pau i noho aiʻo ia iho,ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea like. hiehie, maka'u a me ka mana'o nui. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kona make-up - hoʻololi wale nā ​​​​ʻaʻahu, mānoanoa a nāwaliwali paha nā kala e like me ia, ua uhi ʻia kekahi mau kikoʻī. Akā, ke haʻi hou aku nei au, ʻo nā ʻano pilikino a nani loa o kēia mea pena, ua kūpono loa ia no nā ʻāpana maikaʻi loa o kāna repertoire; Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole pono e poina ʻo kēia mau ʻāpana tenor ponoʻī iā lākou iho, ma ko lākou ʻano, homogeneous loa.

Inā ʻaʻole au i kuhihewa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ʻo Figner ma nā keaka a Glinka. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hīmeni iā ​​Wagner, koe wale nō ka hoʻāʻo ʻole e hōʻike iā Lohengrin. I loko o nā opera Lūkia, ʻaʻole kānalua ʻo ia he nani ma ke kiʻi o Dubrovsky ma ka opera Napravnik a ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo Herman ma Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades. A laila ʻo ia ʻo Alfred, Faust (ma Mephistopheles), Radames, Jose, Fra Diavolo.

Akā ma kahi i waiho ai ʻo Figner i kahi manaʻo hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia ma ka hana o Raoul ma Meyerbeer's Huguenots a me Othello i ka opera a Verdi. Ma kēia mau keaka ʻelua, ua hāʻawi pinepine ʻo ia iā mākou i ka leʻaleʻa nui loa.

Ua haʻalele ʻo Figner i ke kahua i ke kiʻekiʻe o kāna talena. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poʻe hoʻolohe manaʻo ʻo ke kumu o kēia ka hemo ʻana me kāna wahine i ka makahiki 1904. Eia kekahi, ʻo Medea ka hewa no ka haʻihaʻi. Ua ʻike ʻo Figner ʻaʻole hiki ke hana pū me ia ma ke kahua hoʻokahi ...

I ka makahiki 1907, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hana hoʻohiwahiwa a Figner, ka mea e haʻalele ana i ke kahua keaka. Ua kākau ʻo "Russian Musical Newspaper" ma kēia ʻano: "Ua piʻi koke kāna hōkū a ua makapō koke i ka lehulehu a me ka hoʻokele, a, ʻoi aku hoʻi, ka lehulehu kiʻekiʻe, nona ka manaʻo maikaʻi i hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka hanohano o Figner i kahi kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe mele opera Lūkini ... . Ua hele mai ʻo ia iā mākou, inā ʻaʻole me ka leo koʻikoʻi, a laila me ke ʻano kupaianaha o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻāpana i kāna ʻano leo a ʻoi aku ka kupanaha o ka leo a me ka hoʻokani pila.

Akā, ma hope o kona ho'opau 'ana i kāna 'oihana ma ke 'ano he mele, ua noho 'o Figner i ka opera Lūkini. Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hoʻonohonoho a me ke alakaʻi o kekahi mau hui ma Odessa, Tiflis, Nizhny Novgorod, alakaʻi i kahi hana ākea ākea, hana ʻia i nā ʻaha mele lehulehu, a ʻo ia ka mea hoʻonohonoho i ka hoʻokūkū no ka hana ʻana i nā hana opera. ʻO ka hōʻailona kaulana loa i ka nohona moʻomeheu i waiho ʻia e kāna hana ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka hui keaka o ka Hale o St.

Ua hala ʻo Nikolai Nikolaevich Figner i ka lā 13 o Dekemaba, 1918.