Pentatonic |

mai ka Helene pente - ʻelima a me ka leo

He ʻōnaehana kani i ʻelima mau ʻanuʻu i loko o kahi octave. Aia nā ʻano P. 4: non-semitone (a i ʻole P. maoli); halftone; huikau; huhu.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo P. non-half-tone ma lalo o nā inoa ʻē aʻe: kūlohelohe (AS Ogolevets), maʻemaʻe (X. Riemann), anhemitonic, whole-tone; proto-diatonic (GL Katouar), trichord system (AD Kastalsky), gamma o ka "manawa o ka hā" (PP Sokalsky), ka gamma Kina, ka gamma Scottish. ʻO kēia ʻano nui P. (ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "P." me ka ʻole o nā hoʻohui kūikawā ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau ʻo non-semitone P.) he ʻōnaehana 5-step, hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kani āpau i nā hapalima maʻemaʻe. ʻElua wale nō ʻano o ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ma waena o nā ʻanuʻu pili o nā unahi o kēia P. – b. lua a m. ke kolu. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo P. me nā oli non-semitone ʻekolu-ʻanuʻu - trichords (m. ʻekolu + b. lua, no ka laʻana, ega). Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā semitones i P., ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā gravity modal koi. ʻAʻole hōʻike ka P. scale i kahi kikowaena tonal maopopo. No laila, ʻo nā hana a Ch. Hiki i nā leo ke hana i kekahi o nā leo ʻelima; nolaila elima diff. nā ʻano like ʻole o ka pālākiō P. o ka haku mele hoʻokahi:

ʻO ka hapalua leo P. kekahi o nā pae maʻamau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke mele. ka noʻonoʻo ʻana (see Sound system). No laila, loaʻa ʻo P. (a i ʻole kona mau kumu kumu) ma nā papa mele kahiko loa. moʻolelo o nā lāhui like ʻole (me nā kānaka o ʻEulopa Komohana, e ʻike i ka puke a X. Moser lāua ʻo J. Müller-Blattau, p. 15). Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o P. i nā mele o nā ʻāina o ka Hikina (Kina, Vietnam), a ma USSR - no nā Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Do Nhuan (Vietnam). ʻO ke mele "Far March" (hoʻomaka).

ʻO nā mea o ka noʻonoʻo pentatonic kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka Lūkini kahiko, Ukrainian, Belarusian. nar. mele:

Mai ka hōʻiliʻili o A. Rubets "100 Ukrainian Folk Songs".

Trichords maʻamau no P. ma ka ʻōlelo Lūkini. nar. uhi pinepine ʻia ke mele me ke mele maʻalahi. ka mea hoʻonani, ka neʻe ʻana i ka stepwise (no ka laʻana, ma ke mele "ʻAʻohe makani" mai ka hōʻiliʻili o MA Balakirev). ʻIke ʻia nā koena o P. i nā laʻana kahiko loa o ka Middle Ages. chorale (no ka laʻana, ʻano hoʻohālikelike intonational c-df ma Dorian, deg a me ega ma Phrygian, gac ma nā ʻano Mixolydian). Eia naʻe, a hiki i ke kenekulia 19. P. ma ke ʻano he ʻōnaehana i pili ʻole no ʻEulopa. prof. mele. Manao ia Nar. mele, hoihoi i ke kala kala a me ka lokahi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona i ke au ma hope o ka Viennese classics i ola i ka puka ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona o P. ma ke ʻano he kūikawā. e hōʻike. 'o ia ho'i (Ke mele mele o K. Weber i ka ho'ololi 'ana o Schiller i ka pā'ani "Turandot" na K. Gozzi; ma ka hana a AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, E. Grieg, K. Debussy). Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo P. e hōʻike i ka maluhia, ka nele o nā kuko:

AP Borodin. Romance "Sleeping Princess" (hoʻomaka).

I kekahi manawa lawelawe ia e hana hou i ke kani o nā bele - Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy. I kekahi manawa, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo P. i ka chord ("folds" i loko o kahi pentachord i piha ʻole):

MP Mussorgsky. "Boris Godunov". Hana III.

Ma nā laʻana i iho mai iā mākou, Nar. mele, e like me ka prof. ʻO ka hana a P. e hilinaʻi maʻamau i ke kumu nui (e nānā i ka A ma ka laʻana ma ke kolamu 234) a i ʻole ka mea ʻuʻuku (e ʻike iā D ma ka laʻana like), a ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kumu mai kekahi leo a i kekahi, he ʻano like. Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia ke ʻano alternating, no ka laʻana.

ʻO nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o P. kona mau ʻano. Loaʻa ka Halftone (hemitonic; he ditonic) P. ma Nar. nā mele o kekahi mau ʻāina o ka Hikina (X. Husman kuhikuhi i nā mele Inia, a me Indonesia, Iapana). ʻO ke ʻano o ka pālākiō halftone —

, eg. kekahi o na unahi slendro (Java). Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo P. Mixed i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka tonal a me ka non-semitone (Husman e haʻi i nā mele o kekahi o nā lāhui o Congo).

ʻO Tempered P. (akā, ʻaʻole like ke ʻano; ʻaʻohe manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo) ʻo ia ka pālākiō slendro Indonesia, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai ka octave i 5 mau ʻanuʻu ʻaʻole i kūlike me nā leo a me nā semitones. No ka laʻana, penei ka hoʻokani ʻana o kekahi o nā gamelan Javanese (ma nā semitones) penei: 2,51-2,33-2,32-2,36-2,48 (1/5 octave – 2,40).

ʻO ka manaʻo mua i iho mai iā mākou. No ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo Kauka Kina ka wehewehe ʻana a P. (ma ka hapa mua paha o ka millennium BC). I loko o ka acoustic ua hui pū ʻia ka ʻōnaehana lu (1 kani i nā hapalima maikaʻi, i hoʻomohala ʻia e like me ka moʻokūʻauhau Zhou) i hoʻohui ʻia i hoʻokahi octave o 1 mau leo ​​kokoke i hāʻawi i ka paipu non-semitone ma nā ʻano ʻelima āpau. Ma waho aʻe o ka makemakika e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke ʻano o P. (ʻo ka monument kahiko loa ʻo ka treatise "Guanzi", i hāʻawi ʻia iā Guan Zhong, - 12th century BC), ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o nā ʻanuʻu o P., kahi i pili ai nā leo ʻelima. 5 mau mea, 7 ono; Eia kekahi, ʻo ka leo "gong" (c) hōʻailona i ke aliʻi, "shan" (d) - nā luna, "jue" (e) - nā kānaka, "zhi" (g) - hana, "yu" (a) - mea.

Ua ola hou ka hoihoi iā P. i ke kenekulia 19. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo AN Serov iā P. no ka Hikina. mele a unuhi ʻia he diatonic me ka haʻalele ʻana i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu. Ua hōʻike mua ʻo PP Sokalsky i ke kuleana o P. ma Lūkini. nar. mele a hoʻokūpaʻa i ke kūʻokoʻa o P. ma ke ʻano he ʻano muses. ʻōnaehana. Mai ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo o ke kahua, ua hoʻohui ʻo ia iā P. me ka "manawa o ka quart" (ʻo ia ka hapa ʻoiaʻiʻo). ʻO AS Famintsyn, e kali ana i nā manaʻo o B. Bartok lāua ʻo Z. Kodaly, no ka manawa mua i kuhikuhi ʻia ʻo P. he papa moe kahiko. mele o ʻEulopa; ma lalo o nā papa hapalua, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka P. a ma ka ʻōlelo Lūkini. mele. KV Kvitka ma ke kumu o nā ʻike hou a me nā manaʻo. ʻO nā koi mua i hoʻohewa i ka manaʻo o Sokalsky (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka "manawa o ka quart" i nā trichords o P., a me kāna papahana o "ʻekolu mau manawa" - quarts, fifths, thirds) a wehewehe i ka manaʻo o pentatonic AS ʻO Ogolevets, e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ke kahua, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo P. ma kahi ʻano huna aia pū kekahi i nā mele i hoʻomohala ʻia. ʻōnaehana a he ʻano "skeleton" o ka hui modal ma nā ʻano muses diatonic a ma hope. noonoo ana. Ua ʻike ʻo IV Sposobin i ka mana o P. i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kekahi o nā ʻano harmonies non-tertzian (e nānā i ka laʻana ma ka hope o ka strip 235). ʻO Ya.M. Girshman, ua hoʻomohala i kahi kumumanaʻo kikoʻī o P. a nānā i kona ola ʻana ma Tat. mele, i hoʻomālamalama i ka mōʻaukala o ka manaʻo. ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā P. In musicology haole o ke kenekulia 20. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea waiwai i ka dec. nā ʻano P. (me ka non-semitone).

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ʻO Yu. H. Kholopov