Mele keaka |

mele keaka — mele no na hana keaka. hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano art-va ʻē aʻe e komo ana i ke kahua. ke ano o ke keaka. Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia ke mele e ka mea pāʻani, a laila, ma ke ʻano he lula, hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka hoʻolālā a ʻaʻole e hele ma mua o nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā (nā hōʻailona, ​​​​fanfares, nā mele, nā hele, nā hula). Muses. ʻO nā ʻāpana i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hana ma ke noi ʻana a ka luna hoʻokele a me ka haku mele he ʻano maʻamau ʻoi aku ka laulā a ʻaʻole paha he kumu hoʻoikaika pololei. Ua haʻi aku ʻo T. m. he mea hana keaka ikaika. he kumu nui o ka semantic a me ka formative mea nui; hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi lewa naʻau, e hoʻoikaika i ka DOS. ka manaʻo o ka pāʻani (no ka laʻana, ʻo Beethoven's Victorious Symphony i ke mele no ka pāʻani ʻo Egmont na Goethe, ke mele o Mozart's Requiem ma Pushkin's Mozart a me Salieri), e kuhikuhi i ka manawa a me kahi o ka hana, e hōʻike i ke ʻano, ka mana. ka manawa a me ke kani o ka hana, e hoʻokākala i ka mea nui . culmination, e hāʻawi i ka lokahi i ka hana me ke kōkua o ma o ka leo. hoʻomohala a me nā kī nui. Wahi a ka mea hana keaka, hiki i ke mele ke kulike me ka mea e hana nei ma ke kahua (consonant musical background) a i ole ia e like me ia. Hoʻokaʻawale i nā mele, lawe ʻia ma waho o ke ʻano o ke kahua. nā hana (overture, intermissions, headpieces), and intrastage. Hiki ke kākau kūikawā ʻia ke mele no ka hana a i ʻole i haku ʻia i nā ʻāpana o nā haku mele i ʻike mua ʻia. He ʻokoʻa ka pālākiō o nā helu - mai nā ʻāpana a i kekahi. pōʻaiapuni a otd. nā leo paʻakikī (i kapa ʻia nā leo) i nā symphonies nui. nā ʻāpana. Ua haʻi aku ʻo T. m. komo i loko o kahi pilina paʻakikī me ka hana keaka o ka pāʻani a me ke alakaʻi ʻana: pono ka haku mele e hoʻohālikelike i kona manaʻo me ke ʻano o ka pāʻani, ke ʻano o ka mea hana keaka, ke au o ka hana, a me ka manaʻo o ke alakaʻi.

Ka moolelo o t. m. e hoʻi i nā ʻano hana keaka kahiko loa, i hoʻoili ʻia mai nā hoʻomana. nā hana kuʻuna o kā lākou synthetic. kaʻālana. Ma ka hikina kahiko a me ka hikina. ʻōlelo hoʻohui keaka, mele, hula ma kahi kūlana kūlike. Ma ka Helene e ae. pōʻino i ulu mai ka dithyramb, muses. ʻO ke kumu ka papa himeni. himeni hui pu me na mea kani: e komo. song of the choir (parod), kikowaena. nā mele (stasima), hoʻopau. choir (eksod), choirs accompanying dances (emmeley), lyric. kamaʻilio-hoʻopiʻi o ka mea keaka a me ka papa himeni (kommos). Maikaʻi ma India. mua o ka hale keaka me ke keaka mele. ʻano moe keaka. hana: lila (mele-hula keaka), katakali (pantomime), yakshagana (hui hula, kama'ilio, heluhelu, mele), etc. Ma hope aku ind. ua mālama ka hale keaka i ke mele a me ka hula. na kūlohelohe. I loko o ka moʻolelo o ka hale keaka koholā, ʻo ia ka mea alakaʻi i ka hui keaka-muses. hoikeike; hana ʻia kahi synthesis o nā mele a me nā hana keaka ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa ma kekahi o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. nā ʻano o ka Middle Ages - zaju. Ma zaju, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hana ma kahi o hoʻokahi ʻano, nāna i hana i kekahi mau mea i kēlā me kēia hana. aria i nā mele kūikawā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no kekahi kūlana. ʻO nā Arias o kēia ʻano he mau manawa o ka generalization, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā manaʻo. uila I Iapana, mai nā ʻano hana keaka kahiko. ʻoi aku ka nui o ka bugaku (ke kenekulia 8) - predv. nā hana me nā mele gagaku (e nānā i nā mele Kepanī). Hoʻokani pū ʻia kekahi hana koʻikoʻi e nā mele ma nā hale keaka noh (mai ke kenekulia 14 a hiki i ka 15), joruri (mai ke kenekulia 16), a me kabuki (mai ke kenekulia 17). ʻAʻohe pāʻani i kūkulu ʻia ma ke kumu declamatory-melodious me ka unuhi ʻana o ka kikokikona ma kahi leo kikoʻī. hoailona. Manaʻo ka papa mele i ka hana, alakaʻi i kahi kamaʻilio, haʻi ʻōlelo, hele pū me ka hula. ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻana he mau mele auwana (miyuki), ma ka hopena e hoʻokani ʻia ai ka hula no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana (yugen). I joruri – Kepanī kahiko. hale keaka puppet – hele pū ka mea hīmeni-moʻolelo i ka pantomime me ke oli, me ka ʻuhane o ka nar. moʻolelo epic ma ka moʻolelo me ka hui pū ʻana o shamisen. Ma ka hale keaka kabuki, oli pū ʻia ka kikokikona, a me ka hana hoʻokani pila me ka nar orchestra. mea hana. ʻO nā mele pili pono i ka hana ke kapa ʻia ʻo "degatari" ma kabuki a hana ʻia ma ke kahua; ʻO nā hopena kani (genza ongaku) ​​​​hōʻailona hōʻike i nā kani a me nā hanana o ke ʻano (ʻo nā kuʻi o nā pahu pahu e hōʻike i ke kani o ka ua a i ʻole ka paʻi ʻana o ka wai, ʻo kekahi kīkēkē e hōʻike ana ua hau, ʻo ka pā ma nā papa kūikawā ke ʻano o ka ka mahina, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), a me nā mea hoʻokani pila ma hope o ka pale o nā lāʻau ʻohe. I ka hoʻomaka a me ka hopena o ka pāʻani, kani ka pahu nui (ceremonial music), i ka wā e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ai ka pale a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, hoʻokani ʻia ka papa "ki", hoʻokani ʻia nā mele kūikawā i ka manawa o ka "seriage" - nā hiʻohiʻona. hāpai ʻia ma luna o ke kahua. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ke mele ma kabuki. ka hoʻokani pila (dammari) a me ka hula.

I ke au waena. ʻO Zap. ʻEulopa, aia i hea ka hale keaka. ua hoʻolilo ʻia ka hoʻoilina o ka wā kahiko i poina, prof. hana keaka. arr. i kulike me ka hoopii ekalesia. I nā kenekulia 9-13. i loko o nā hale pule Katolika, hoʻokani nā kāhuna i mua o ke kuahu lat. keaka liturgical; i nā kenekulia 14-15. liturgical ua ulu ka hana keaka i mea pohihihi me na kama'ilio waha, i hanaia ma waho o ka luakini ma ka lahui. nā ʻōlelo. I loko o kahi honua, kani nā mele i ka wā o ka hiki ʻana mai. nā ʻahaʻaina, nā huakaʻi masquerade, nar. hoikeike. Mai ka prof. mele no ka Middle Ages. Ua mālama nā hana i kā Adam de la Halle "The Game of Robin and Marion", kahi i hoʻololi ʻia ai nā helu mele liʻiliʻi (virele, ballads, rondo), wok. kamailio, hula me instr. ukali.

I ka Renaissance, Western-European. ua huli ka noʻeau i nā kuʻuna o ka wā kahiko. hale keaka; Ua ulu aʻe ka pōʻino, ka hoʻomakeʻe, ka hana kahu hānai ma ka ʻāina hou. ʻO ka maʻamau, ua hoʻokani ʻia lākou me nā muses nani. nā interludes hoʻohālikelike. a me ka moolelo. maʻiʻo, he wok. nā helu ma ke ʻano madrigal a me nā hula (Chintio's play "Orbecchi" me nā mele na A. della Viola, 1541; "Trojanki" na Dolce me nā mele na C. Merulo, 1566; "Oedipus" na Giustiniani me nā mele na A. Gabrieli, 1585 "Aminta" na Tasso me ke mele na C. Monteverdi, 1628). I loko o kēia manawa, kani pinepine nā mele (recitatives, arias, hula) i ka wā o ka hiki ʻana mai. masquerades, kaʻina ʻoliʻoli (no ka laʻana, ma Italia Canti, Trionfi). Ma ke kenekulia 16 ma muli o nā polygons. Ua ala mai ke ʻano madrigal i kahi synthetic kūikawā. ʻano – madrigal comedy.

Ua lilo ka ʻōlelo Pelekane i kekahi o nā pae koʻikoʻi o ka mōʻaukala o T. m. hale keaka 16th century Mahalo iā W. ʻO Shakespeare a me kāna mau hoa hana - nā mea hana keaka F. ʻO Beaumont lāua ʻo J. Fletcher - ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. Ua hoʻomohala ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka wā Elizabethan i nā kuʻuna paʻa o ka mea i kapa ʻia. mele kūpilikiʻi - nā muses plug-in liʻiliʻi. helu, hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka pāʻani. Ua piha nā keaka a Shakespeare i nā ʻōlelo a ka mea kākau e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mele, nā pila, nā hula, nā huakaʻi, nā leo aloha, nā hōʻailona kaua, a pēlā aku. Nui nā mele a me nā ʻāpana o kāna mau pōʻino e hana i ka dramaturgy koʻikoʻi. hana (nā mele a Ophelia a me Desdemona, nā huakaʻi hoʻolewa ma Hamlet, Coriolanus, Henry VI, hulahula ma ka pōpoʻi a Capulet ma Romeo a me Juliet). Hōʻike ʻia nā hana o kēia manawa e kekahi mau hana keaka mele. nā hopena, me kahi koho kūikawā o nā mea kani e pili ana i ke kahua. nā kūlana: ma nā prologues a me nā epilogues, kani nā leo i ka wā i puka mai ai nā poʻe kūlana kiʻekiʻe, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻānela, nā ʻuhane, a me nā mea kupua ʻē aʻe. nā pūʻali koa - nā pū, i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kaua - he pahu, ma nā hiʻohiʻona kahu hipa - he oboe, i nā hiʻohiʻona aloha - nā ʻohe, i nā hiʻohiʻona hahai holoholona - he pū, ma nā huakaʻi hoʻolewa - trombone, lyric. ua hookaniia na mele me ka lute. I loko o ka "Globe" t-re, ma waho aʻe o nā mele i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea kākau, aia nā hoʻolauna, intermissions, pinepine ʻia ka ʻōlelo e kūʻē i ke ʻano o ke mele (melodrama). ʻAʻole mālama ʻia nā mele i hoʻokani ʻia ma nā hana a Shakespeare i ke ola o ka mea kākau; ʻike ʻia i nā ʻōlelo Pelekane wale nō. nā mea kākau o ka wā Hoʻihoʻi hou (ka hapa ʻelua o ke kenekulia 2). I kēia manawa, ua lanakila ka heroic ma ka hale keaka. keaka a me ka maka. Nā hana ma ke ʻano heroic. ua piha na hana keaka i ke mele; ʻo ka ʻōlelo waha wale nō i hoʻopaʻa i nā muses. nā mea. ʻO ka mask i puka mai ma ʻEnelani ma con. I ke kenekulia 17, i ka wā o ka Reformation, ua neʻe ʻo ia i loko o ka hale keaka lehulehu, e paʻa ana i kahi ʻano divertissement kupaianaha. I ke kenekulia 16 ma ka ʻuhane o ka mask, nui nā mea i hana hou ʻia. ʻO nā pāʻani a Shakespeare (“The Tempest” me nā mele a J. ʻO Banister lāua ʻo M. Locke, "The Fairy Queen" e pili ana i "A Midsummer Night's Dream" a me "The Tempest" me nā mele na G. Purcell). He mea kupaianaha ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. T. m. ʻO kēia manawa ka hana a G. Purcell. Aia ka hapa nui o kāna mau hana i ke kahua o T. m., he nui nae o lakou, no ke kuokoa o na muse. Ke hoʻokokoke nei ka dramaturgy a me ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ke mele i kahi opera (The Prophetess, The Fairy Queen, The Tempest, a me nā hana ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia he semi-operas). Ma hope ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi synthetic hou. ʻano ʻano – ballad opera. ʻO kāna mau mea hana ʻo J. ʻO Gay lāua ʻo J. Ua kūkulu ʻo Pepusch i ka dramaturgy o kā lākou "Opera of the Beggars" (17) ma ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona kamaʻilio me nā mele ma Nar. ʻuhane. I ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. Na G. F.

Ma Sepania, ka pae mua o ka ulu ʻana o nat. pili ke keaka kahiko me ke ano o ka rappresentationes (hana kapu), a me ka eclogues (shepherd's idyll) a me ka farce – hui keaka a me muses. prod. me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mele, ka heluhelu ʻana i nā mele, nā hula, nā kuʻuna i hoʻomau ʻia ma nā zarzuela. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hana a ka mea pena kiʻi Spanish nui loa me ka hana ma kēia mau ʻano. poet and comp. X. del Encina (1468-1529). Ma ka papahele ʻelua. ʻO nā kenekulia 2-16 i nā keaka o Lope de Vega lāua ʻo P. Calderon, hoʻokani ʻia nā mele mele a me nā divertissements ballet.

Ma Farani, recitatives, choirs, instr. Ua kākau ʻia e M. Charpentier, JB Moreau a me nā mea ʻē aʻe nā ʻāpana i nā pōʻino kahiko o J. Racine lāua ʻo P. Corneille. ʻO ka hana hui a JB Molière a me JB Lully, nāna i hana i kahi ʻano hui like - comedy-ballet ("Marriage involuntarily", "Princess of Elis", "Mr. de Pursonyak", "Georges Dandin", etc.). Hoʻololi ʻia nā kamaʻilio kamaʻilio ma ʻaneʻi me nā recitatives, arias, hula. puka (entrées) ma ka moolelo o ka Farani. adv. ballet (ballet de cour) 1st floor. kenekulia 17

I ke kenekulia 18 ma Farani, ua ʻike ʻia ka huahana mua. i ke ʻano melodrama - lyric. ʻO ke kahua "Pygmalion" na Rousseau, i hoʻokani ʻia i ka makahiki 1770 me nā mele na O. Coignet; Ua ukali ʻia e nā melodramas ʻo Ariadne auf Naxos (1774) a me Pygmalion (1779) na Venda, Sofonisba na Nefe (1782), Semiramide na Mozart (1778; ʻaʻole mālama ʻia), Orpheus na Fomin (1791), kuli a me kahi noi (1802). ) a me The Mystery (1807) na Holcroft.

A hiki i ka papahele ʻelua. ʻO nā mele o ke kenekulia 2 no ka hale keaka. ʻO nā hana keaka wale nō ka pilina maʻamau me ka ʻike o ka hana keaka a hiki ke hoʻololi manuahi ʻia mai kekahi hana i kekahi. ʻO ka mea haku mele Kelemānia a me ka mea manaʻo ʻo I. Scheibe ma "Critischer Musicus" (18-1737), a laila hoʻopuka ʻo G. Lessing ma "Hamburg Dramaturgy" (40-1767) i nā koi hou no ke kahua. mele. “Pono e pili ka symphony mua me ka pāʻani holoʻokoʻa, nā hoʻokuʻu me ka hopena o ka hana ma mua a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana aʻe ..., ka symphony hope me ka hopena o ka pāʻani ... Pono e hoʻomanaʻo i ke ʻano o ka protagonist a me ka manaʻo nui o ka pāʻani a alakaʻi ʻia e lākou i ka wā e haku mele ai" (I. Sheibe). "Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka orchestra i kā mākou mau pāʻani ma kekahi ʻano i ka papa mele kahiko, ua lōʻihi ka makemake o ka poʻe connoisseurs i ke ʻano o ke mele ... e kūlike me ka ʻike o nā pāʻani, pono kēlā me kēia pāʻani i kahi mele mele kūikawā nona iho" (G . E emi ana). Ua haʻi aku ʻo T. m. Ua ʻike koke ʻia ʻo ia ma ka ʻuhane o nā koi hou, e komo pū ana i ka poʻe Viennese classics - WA ​​Mozart (no ka pāʻani "Tamos, King of Egypt" na Gebler, 69) a me J. Haydn (no ka pāʻani "Alfred, a i ʻole ka King -patriot” Bicknell, 1779); Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mele a L. Beethoven iā Goethe's Egmont (1796) ka mea nui loa i ka hopena hou o ka hale keaka, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hale keaka e hōʻike maʻamau i ka ʻike o nā manawa koʻikoʻi o ka hana keaka. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o nā symphonies nui, piha i ke ʻano. nā episodes (overture, intermissions, finale), hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka hana a hana ʻia i ka hopena. kahua (mele no "Egmont" pū kekahi me "Songs of Clerchen" a Goethe, melodramas "Death of Clerchen", "Egmont's Dream").

Ua haʻi aku ʻo T. m. kenekulia 19. ua hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke kuhikuhi i kuhikuhi ʻia e Beethoven, akā i nā kūlana o ka aesthetics o ka romanticism. Ma waena o nā huahana 1st papahele. Nā mele o ke kenekulia 19 na F. Schubert iā "Rosamund" na G. von Chezy (1823), na C. Weber iā "Turandot" na Gozzi i unuhi ʻia e F. Schiller (1809) a me "Preziosa" na Wolff (1821), na F Mendelssohn ia “Ruy Blas” na Hugo , “A Midsummer Night's Dream” na Shakespeare (1843), “Oedipus in Colon” ​​a me “Atalia” na Racine (1845), R. Schumann ia “Manfred” Byron (1848-51) . Hāʻawi ʻia kahi kuleana kūikawā i ke mele ma Goethe's Faust. Ua kuhikuhi ka mea kākau i ka nui o nā woks. a instr. nā lumi - nā papa mele, nā mele, nā hula, nā huakaʻi, nā mele no ke kiʻi ma ka hale pule a me ka pō Walpurgis, ka pūʻali koa. mele no ke kahua kaua. ʻO ka hapa nui. nā mele mele, ka manaʻo e pili ana me Goethe's Faust, no G. Berlioz ("ʻEwalu mau hiʻohiʻona mai? Faust", 1829, i hoʻololi houʻia i loko o ka oratorio "The Condemnation of Faust"). Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻike o ka genre-domestic nat. Ua haʻi aku ʻo T. m. kenekulia 19. – “Peer Gynt” na Grieg (i ke keaka na G. Ibsen, 1874-75) a me “Arlesian” na Bizet (i ke keaka na A. Daudet, 1872).

I ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 19-20. i ka hookokoke ana i T. m. ua hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo hou. ʻO nā alakaʻi koʻikoʻi o kēia manawa (KS Stanislavsky, VE Meyerhold, G. Craig, O. Falkenberg, a me nā mea'ē aʻe) i haʻalele i ka mele o conc. ʻano, koi ʻia nā kala kani kūikawā, nā mea kani maʻamau, ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā muses. hana keaka. ʻO ka hale keaka a ka luna hoʻokele o kēia manawa i hoʻōla mai i kahi ʻano hana keaka hou. haku mele, e noʻonoʻo ana ʻaʻole wale i nā kikoʻī o ka pāʻani, akā i nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia hana. I ke kenekulia 20, ua hui pū nā manaʻo 2, e hoʻokokoke ana i nā mele i ke keaka; ʻO ka mua o lākou ka mea iʻikeʻia e ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ka hana o ke mele ma ke keaka. hana (nā hoʻokolohua a K. Orff, B. Brecht, nā mea kākau mele he nui), pili ka lua me ka theatricalization o muses. nā genres (stage cantatas na Orff, The Wedding by Stravinsky, theatrical oratorios by A. Honegger, etc.). ʻO ka huliʻana i nāʻano hou o ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā mele a me nā pāʻani ke alakaʻi pinepine i ka hanaʻana i nā syntheses kūikawā. keaka a me ke mele ("The Story of a Soldier" na Stravinsky "he moʻolelo moʻolelo e heluhelu ʻia, pāʻani a hula", ʻo kāna "Oedipus Rex" he opera-oratorio me ka mea heluhelu, "Clever Girl" na Orff. opera me nā hiʻohiʻona kamaʻilio nui), a me ke ola hou ʻana o nā ʻano hana synthetic. hale keaka: kahiko. pōʻino ("Antigone" a me "Oedipus" na Orff me ka ho'āʻo e hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka haʻi ʻana i ka kikokikona ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Helene kahiko), madrigal comedy ("Tale" na Stravinsky, ʻo kekahi hapa "Catulli Carmina" na Orff), waena- kenekulia. mea pohihihi ("The Resurrection of Christ" na Orff, "Joan of Arc at the stake" na Honegger), liturgical. nā pāʻani keaka (nā nane "The Cave Action", "The Prodigal Son", "The Carlew River" na Britten). Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke ʻano melodrama, e hui pū ana i ka ballet, pantomime, choral a me ka mele mele, melodeclamation (Emmanuel's Salamena, Roussel's The Birth of the World, Onegger's Amphion and Semiramide, Stravinsky's Persephone).

He nui nā mea mele kaulana o ke kenekulia 20 e hana ikaika ana ma ke ʻano o T. m .: ma Farani, he mau hana hui kēia. nā lālā o ka "Six" (ka sketch "The Newlyweds of the Eiffel Tower", 1921, e like me ka mea kākau o ka kikokikona J. Cocteau - "he hui pū ʻana o nā pōʻino kahiko a me ka revue ʻaha mele hou, nā mele mele a me nā helu hale mele"), nā hana hui ʻē aʻe (no ka laʻana, "The Queen Margot" Bourdet me nā mele a J. Ibert, D. Millau, D. Lazarus, J. Auric, A. Roussel) a me ka hale keaka. prod. Honegger (mele no "Dance of Death" na C. Laronde, nā keaka Baibala "Judith" a me "King David", "Antigone" na Sophocles, etc.); hale keaka ma Kelemānia. ʻO nā mele a Orff (ma waho aʻe o nā hana i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ʻo ka comedy satirical The Sly Ones, he mele mele ka kikokikona, i hui pū ʻia me kahi hui o nā mea kani; kahi pāʻani synthetic A Midsummer Night's Dream na Shakespeare), a me nā mele i loko o ka hale keaka. na B. Brecht. Muses. ʻO ka hoʻolālā o nā hana a Brecht kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hopena o ka "alienation", i hoʻolālā ʻia e luku i ka hoʻopunipuni o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka mea e hana nei ma ke kahua. Wahi a Brecht, pono nā mele me nā helu mele māmā a me nā mele – zongs, ballads, choirs, i hoʻokomo ʻia ke ʻano, ʻo ka ʻōlelo waha e hōʻike ana i ka manaʻo o ka mea kākau ma ke ʻano koʻikoʻi. Ua hui pū nā mea hoahana Kelemania koʻikoʻi me Brecht. nā mea hoʻokani pila - P. Hindemith (An Instrutive Play), C. Weil (The Threepenny Opera, Mahagonny Opera sketch), X. Eisler (Mother, Roundheads and Sharpheads, Galileo Galilei, Dreams Simone Machar" a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), P. Dessau (" ʻO Mother Courage a me kāna mau keiki", "The Good Man from Sezuan", etc.).

Ma waena o nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe o T. m. 19 – 1 papahele. Keneturi 20 – J. Sibelius (“King of Christians” na Paul, “Pelleas and Mélisande” na Maeterlinck, “The Tempest” na Shakespeare), K. Debussy (mea huna G. D'Annunzio “The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian”) a me R. Strauss (nā mele no ka pāʻani na Molière "The tradesman in the nobility" ma kahi hoʻololi manuahi e G. von Hofmannsthal). I ka 50s - 70s. Ua huli ʻo 20th century O. Messiaen i ka hale keaka (mele no ke keaka "Oedipus" no nā nalu o Martenot, 1942), E. Carter (mele no ka pōʻino o Sophocles "Philoctetes", "The Merchant of Venice" na Shakespeare), V. Lutoslavsky ("Macbeth" a me "The Merry Wives of Windsor "Shakespeare, "Sid" Corneille - S. Wyspiansky, "Bloody Wedding" a me "The Wonderful Shoemaker" F. Garcia Lorca, a me nā mea'ē aʻe), nā mea kākau o ka lolouila a me ka koneki. mele, me A. Coge ("Winter a me ka leo me ke kanaka ole » J. Tardieu), A. Thirier ("Scheherazade"), F. Arthuis ("Noise around the personality fighting J. Vautier"), etc.

Lūkini T. m. he moʻolelo lōʻihi. I ka wā kahiko, hoʻokani ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona kūkākūkā e nā buffoons me nā "mele daimonio", e hoʻokani ana i ka harp, domra, a me nā pū. Ma Nar. ʻO ka pāʻani i ulu aʻe ma waho o nā hana buffoon ("Ataman", "Mavrukh", "Comedy about Tsar Maximilian", etc.), kani leo Lūkini. mele a me ka instr. mele. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o nā mele Orthodox i loko o ka hale pule. nā hana liturgical - "Ka holoi ʻana i nā wāwae", "Ka hana kapuahi", etc. (15th century). I nā kenekulia 17-18. ʻokoʻa ka waiwai o ka hoʻolālā mele i kapa ʻia. hana pāʻani kula (nā mea pāʻani - S. Polotsky, F. Prokopovich, D. Rostovsky) me nā arias, nā mele i loko o ka hale pule. style, paipu honua, kanikau, instr. helu. ʻO ka Comedy Choromina (i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1672) he mea hoʻokani pila nui me nā violins, viola, nā ʻohe, nā clarinets, nā pū, a me kahi okana. Mai ka wā o Peter the Great, ua laha nā hoʻolauleʻa. hana keaka (prologues, cantatas) e pili ana i ka hoololi ana o na hana keaka. nā hiʻohiʻona, nā kamaʻilio, nā monologues me nā aria, nā mele, nā ballet. ʻO nā poʻe Lūkini nui (OA Kozlovsky, VA Pashkevich) a me nā haku mele Italia i komo i kā lākou hoʻolālā. A hiki i ke kenekulia 19 ma Rusia, ʻaʻohe māhele i ka opera a me ke keaka. nā hui; ʻO kekahi hapa no kēia kumu e hoʻomau. ʻO ka manawa, ua lanakila nā ʻano hui like ʻole ma ʻaneʻi (opera-ballet, vaudeville, comedy me nā hīmeni, keaka mele, keaka "ma ke mele", melodrama, etc.). ʻO ke ʻano. kuleana ma ka moʻolelo Lūkini. Ua haʻi aku ʻo T. m. hoʻokani i nā pōʻino a me nā pāʻani "ma ke mele", i hoʻomākaukau nui i ka Lūkini. opera kahiko i ka 19th century I ke mele o OA Kozlovsky, EI Fomin, SI Davydov i nā pōʻino i ka wā kahiko. a me ka moolelo. nā moʻolelo a me ka Lūkini. na hana keaka aloha aina na VA Ozerov, Ya. nā keaka o ka 19th century heroic kiʻekiʻe. nā pilikia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā papa mele nui. a instr. nā ʻano (nā mele, nā hoʻokuʻu, nā hoʻokuʻu, nā ballet); i kekahi mau hana, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano operatic e like me recitative, aria, mele. Nā hiʻohiʻona Lūkini. nat. ʻOi aku ka ʻike o nā ʻano i nā mele (no ka laʻana, ma Natalya the Boyar's Daughter na SN Glinka me nā mele a AN Titov); hōʻailona. ʻO nā ʻāpana stylistically pili i nā kuʻuna o ka Viennese classic. kula a me ka pili aloha mua.

Ma ka papahele 1. Ke kenekulia 19 AN Verstovsky, nāna i hoʻolālā ma kahi o. 15 AMD huahana. (no ka laʻana, nā mele no Pushkin's Gypsies i hoʻokumu ʻia e VA Karatygin, 1832, no Beaumarchais's The Marriage of Figaro, 1829) a ua hana i kekahi mau cantatas i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā kuʻuna o ke kenekulia 18. (no ka laʻana, "A Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors" i nā mele na VA Zhukovsky, 1827), AA Alyabyev (mele no ka hana hoʻokalakupua a AA Shakhovsky i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Shakespeare's The Tempest, 1827; " Rusalka" na Pushkin, 1838 ; ka melodrama "Prisoner of the Caucasus" e pili ana i ka kikokikona o ka poem Pushkin o ka inoa like, 1828), AE Varlamov (no ka laʻana, mele no Shakespeare's Hamlet, 1837). Akā ʻo ka hapa nui ma ka papahele 1. Ua koho ʻia nā mele o ke kenekulia 19 mai nā huahana i ʻike mua ʻia. nā mea kākau ʻokoʻa a hoʻohana ʻia i nā hana i kahi palena palena. ʻO ka manawa hou ma Rusia. ʻO ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ke kenekulia 19 i wehe ʻia ʻo MI Glinka me nā mele no ke keaka e NV Kukolnik "Prince Kholmsky", i kākau ʻia ma hope koke o "Ivan Susanin" (1840). I loko o ka overture a me nā intermissions, ka maʻiʻo figurative o nā manawa nui o ka hana keaka, hoʻomohala i ka symphony. nā loina o ka post-Beethoven tm He 3 mau hana liʻiliʻi a Glinka no nā hana keaka. hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni - he aria o ke kauā me kahi mele no ka pāʻani "Moldavian Gypsy" na Bakhturin (1836), orc. hoʻolauna a me ka papa mele no Myatlev's "Tarantella" (1841), nā hui Pelekane no ka pāʻani "Bought Shot" na Voikov (1854).

ʻO Rus. Ua haʻi aku ʻo T. m. 2nd papahele. ʻO ke kenekulia 19 i kahi nui e pili ana i ka dramaturgy o AN Ostrovsky. Connoisseur a me ka mea hōʻiliʻili o Lūkini. nar. nā mele, hoʻohana pinepine ʻo Ostrovsky i ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana ma o kahi mele. Ua kani kahiko kāna mau pāʻani. nā mele, nā mele epic, nā ʻōlelo nane, nā mele aloha bourgeois, nā mele hale hana a me nā hale paʻahao, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. – ʻO ke mele a PI Tchaikovsky no The Snow Maiden (19), i hana ʻia no ka hoʻokani ʻana i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Bolshoi, kahi e hui ʻia ai ka opera, ballet a me ke keaka. pūʻali koa. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka nui o nā mele. nā ʻāpana a me ko lākou ʻano waiwai, e hoʻokokoke ana i ka hana i ka opera (introduction, intervals, symphonic episode for a scene in the forest, choirs, melodramas, songs). ʻO ka manaʻo o ka "spring fairy tale" makemake i ke komo ʻana i nā mea mele o ka poʻe (ka lōʻihi, ka hula puni, nā mele hula).

Ua hoʻomau ʻia nā kuʻuna o MI Glinka e MA Balakirev ma ke mele no Shakespeare's King Lear (1859-1861, overture, intermissions, processions, songs, melodramas), Tchaikovsky – no Shakespeare's Hamlet (1891) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. (ʻo ka mele no "Hamlet" kahi papahana hoʻolaha nui i ka moʻomeheu o nā mele mele-dramatic symphonism a me nā helu 16 - melodramas, nā mele o Ophelia, ka lua kupapaʻu, kahi huakaʻi hoʻolewa, fanfare).

Mai nā hana a nā Lūkini ʻē aʻe. nā haku mele o ke kenekulia 19 i ka ballad o AS Dargomyzhsky mai ka mele iā "Catherine Howard" na Dumas père (1848) a me kāna mau mele ʻelua mai ka mele a "The Schism in England" na Calderon (1866), ed. helu mai ka mele o AN Serov i ka "Death of Ivan the Terrible" na AK Tolstoy (1867) a me "Nero" na Gendre (1869), ka papa himeni o na kanaka (scene in the temple) na MP Mussorgsky mai ka poino o ʻO Sophocles "Oedipus Rex" (1858-61), mele na EF Napravnik no nā keaka. poem na AK Tolstoy "Tsar Boris" (1898), mele na Vas. S. Kalinnikov i ka hana like. Tolstoy (1898).

I ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 19-20. ma T. m. ua hoʻoponopono nui ʻia. ʻO KS Stanislavsky kekahi o nā mea mua i manaʻo, ma ka inoa o ka pono o ka hana, e hoʻopaʻa mākou iā mākou iho i nā muses i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea pāʻani. nā helu, hoʻoneʻe i ka mea hoʻokani pila ma hope o ke kahua, koi aku i ka haku mele e "maʻa" i ka manaʻo o ke alakaʻi. No AS Arensky (intermissions, melodramas, choirs to Shakespeare's The Tempest at the Maly T-re) nā mele no nā hana mua o kēia ʻano, hoʻokani ʻia e AP Lensky, 1905), AK Glazunov (Lermontov's Masquerade) ma ka pou na VE Meyerhold, 1917, ma waho aʻe o nā hula, pantomimes, Nina's romance, Glazunov's symphonic episodes, Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy a me kāna aloha The Venetian Night. I kinohi. Ke kenekulia 20 ʻO ka make ʻana o Ivan the Terrible na Tolstoy a me The Snow Maiden na Ostrovsky me nā mele na AT Grechaninov, ʻo Shakespeare's Twelfth Night me nā mele na AN Koreshchenko, Macbeth na Shakespeare a me The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish me nā mele na NN Cherepnin. ʻO ka lokahi o ka hoʻoholo a ke alakaʻi a me ke mele. nā hana o ka Moscow Art Theatre me nā mele na IA Sats (mele no Hamsun "Drama of Life" a me Andreev's "Anatem", Maeterlinck's "The Blue Bird", Shakespeare's "Hamlet" ma ka pou. English i alakaʻi ʻia e G. Craig, etc.) ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻolālā.

Inā kaupalena ka Moscow Art Theatre i ke kuleana o ke mele no ka pono o ka hana, a laila nā alakaʻi e like me A. Ya. Ua pale ʻo Tairov, KA Mardzhanishvili, PP Komissarzhevsky, VE Meyerhold, EB Vakhtangov i ka manaʻo o ke keaka synthetic. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo Meyerhold i ka helu o ke alakaʻi o ka hana ma ke ʻano he haku mele i kūkulu ʻia e like me nā kānāwai o ke mele. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia e hānau ʻia ke mele mai ka hana ʻana a i ka manawa like e hoʻohālikelike ai, e ʻimi ana ʻo ia i contrapuntal. ka hui pū ʻana o nā mele a me nā hoʻolālā kahua (i komo ʻo DD Shostakovich, V. Ya. Shebalin a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka hana). I ka hana ʻana o The Death of Tentagil na Maeterlinck ma ka Studio Theatre ma Povarskaya (1905, haku ʻia e IA Sats), ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Meyerhold e hoʻokumu i ka hana holoʻokoʻa ma ke mele; "Auwe ka manaʻo" (1928) ma muli o ka pāʻani "Woe from Wit" na Griboedov, ua hoʻokani ʻo ia me nā mele na JS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, J. Field, F. Schubert; ma ka pou. Ua kani mau ke mele a AM Fayko "Kumu Bubus" (ma kahi o 40 fp. o nā pāʻani a F. Chopin a me F. Liszt) e like me ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni leo.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻolālā mele o ka helu o nā hana 20 - mua. 30s pili me ke ʻano hoʻokolohua o kā lākou mau hoʻoholo kuhikuhi. No laila, no ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 1921, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Tairov iā Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" i ka Kamerny T-re ma ke ʻano o kahi "love-tragic sketch" me ka grotesque buffoonery, accentuated theatricality, displacing the psychological. ʻike; e like me kēia, i loko o ka mele o AN Aleksandrov no ka hana ʻana ʻaʻohe lyric. laina, ua lanakila ka lewa o ka comedy of masks. ʻO Dr. kekahi laʻana o kēia ʻano ʻo ka mele a Shostakovich no Shakespeare's Hamlet ma T-re im. Evg. Vakhtangov ma ka pou. NP Akimova (1932): ua hoʻololi ke alakaʻi i ka pāʻani "me kahi kaulana no ka pōʻeleʻele a me ka mystical" i loko o kahi hauʻoli, hauʻoli, manaʻo maikaʻi. ʻO ka hana, kahi i lanakila ai ka parody a me ka grotesque, ʻaʻohe Phantom (Ua wehe ʻo Akimov i kēia ʻano), a ma kahi o ka pupule Ophelia aia ʻo Ophelia ʻona. Ua hana ʻo Shostakovich i kahi helu ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 mau helu - mai nā ʻāpana pōkole i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka kikokikona i nā symphonies nui. nā ʻāpana. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he pāʻani parody (cancan, gallop of Ophelia and Polonius, Argentine tango, philistine waltz), akā aia kekahi mau mea pōʻino. ʻāpana ("Musical Pantomime", "Requiem", "Funeral March"). I ka makahiki 1929-31 ua kākau ʻo Shostakovich i nā mele no kekahi mau hana o Leningrad. t-ra o ka ʻōpio hana - "Shot" Bezymensky, "Rule, Britannia!" ʻO Piotrovsky, nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka hana circus "Pāke ʻia i ka manawa" e Voevodin lāua ʻo Ryss ma Leningrad. hale mele, ma ka manaʻo o Meyerhold, i ka Mayakovsky's Bedbug, ma hope aku i ka The Human Comedy na Balzac no T-ra im. Evg. Vakhtangov (1934), no ka pāʻani Salute, Sepania! ʻO Afinogenov no Leningrad. t-ra im. Pushkin (1936). Ma ka mele no Shakespeare "King Lear" (i hoʻouna 'ia e GM Kozintsev, Leningrad. Bolshoy keaka. tr., 1941), Shostakovich haʻalele i ka parody o kela la i keia genres inherent i loko o kāna mau hana mua, a hōʻike i loko o ke mele i ka philosophical manaʻo o ka pōʻino ma. ka uhane o ka pilikia kona hoailona. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kēia mau makahiki, e hana i kahi laina o ka symphony cross-cutting. ka hoʻomohala ʻana i loko o kēlā me kēia o nā cores ʻekolu. figurative spheres of tragedy (Lear – Jester – Cordelia). Kū'ē i ka moʻomeheu, ua hoʻopau ʻo Shostakovich i ka hana ʻaʻole me kahi huakaʻi hoʻolewa, akā me ke kumuhana o Cordelia.

I ka makahiki 30. ʻehā hale keaka. ua hana ʻia nā helu e SS Prokofiev - "Egyptian Nights" no ka hana ʻana o Tairov i ka Chamber Theatre (1935), "Hamlet" no ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o SE Radlov ma Leningrad (1938), "Eugene Onegin" a me "Boris Godunov » Pushkin no ka Chamber Chamber (ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā hana hope ʻelua). ʻO nā mele no "Egyptian Nights" (kahi haku mele e pili ana i nā pōʻino "Caesar and Cleopatra" na B. Shaw, "Antony and Cleopatra" na Shakespeare a me ka poem "Egyptian Nights" na Pushkin) me kahi hoʻolauna, intermissions, pantomimes, recitation me ka orkestra, hula a me na mele me ka himeni. I ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kēia hana, ua hoʻohana ka haku mele i ka dec. nā ʻano symphonic. a me ka operatic dramaturgy - he ʻōnaehana o nā leitmotifs, ke kumu o ka pilikino a me ke kū'ē i ka decomp. nā leo kani (Roma - ʻAigupita, Anthony - Cleopatra). No nā makahiki he nui, ua hui pū ʻo ia me ka hale keaka Yu. A. Shaporin. I ka 20-30s. he heluna nui o na hana me kana mau mele ma Leningrad. t-rah (Big Drama, Academic t-re of drama); ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa o lākou ʻo "The Marriage of Figaro" na Beaumarchais (ke alakaʻi a me ka mea pena AN Benois, 1926), "Flea" na Zamyatin (ma hope o NS Leskov; dir. HP Monakhov, artist BM Kustodiev, 1926), "Sir John Falstaff ” e pili ana i ka “The Merry Wives of Windsor” na Shakespeare (dir. NP Akimov, 1927), a me kekahi mau mea pāʻani ʻē aʻe a Shakespeare, nā pāʻani a Moliere, AS Pushkin, G. Ibsen, B. Shaw, nā pueo. mea hoʻokani pāʻani KA Trenev, VN Bill-Belo-Tserkovsky. I ka makahiki 40. Ua kākauʻo Shaporin i nā mele no nā hana o Moscow. ʻO ke kālepa liʻiliʻi "Ivan the Terrible" na AK Tolstoy (1944) a me "Twelfth Night" na Shakespeare (1945). Mawaena o ka hale keaka. nā hana o nā makahiki 30. hui nui. ʻO ke mele a TN Khrennikov no ka mele mele ʻo Shakespeare ʻo Much Ado About Nothing (1936) he kani kani.

Ma ke kula o T. m. nui nā huahana. i hana ʻia e AI Khachaturian; hoʻomohala lākou i nā kuʻuna o conc. hōʻailona. Ua haʻi aku ʻo T. m. (ma kahi o 20 mau hana; ma waena o lākou - nā mele no nā pāʻani a G. Sundukyan a me A. Paronyan, ʻo Shakespeare's Macbeth a me King Lear, Lermontov's Masquerade).

Ma na hana hookani pueo. nā mea kākau pāʻani ma nā kumuhana o kēia wā. ola, a me nā hana o ka classic. hana ʻia nā pāʻani he ʻano mele kūikawā. hoʻolālā, ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pueo. nuipaʻa, estr. nā mele mele a me nā mele mele, ditties ("The Cook" na Sofronov me nā mele na VA Mokrousov, "The Long Road" na Arbuzov me nā mele a VP Solovyov-Sedogo, "The Naked King" na Schwartz a me "Twelfth Night" na Shakespeare me nā mele na ES Kolmanovsky a me nā mea ʻē aʻe); i kekahi mau hana, i ka haku mele ʻana o Mosk. t-ra drama and comedy on Taganka (directed by Yu. P. Lyubimov), i komo i na mele o ke kipi. a me nā makahiki koa, nā mele ʻōpio ("10 lā i hoʻoluliluli i ka honua", "The Fallen and the Living", etc.). I kekahi mau hana hou o kēia wā, ua ʻike nui ʻia i ka mele, no ka laʻana. ma ka pāʻani Leningrad. t-ra im. Leningrad City Council (director IP Vladimirov) "The Taming of the Shrew" me nā mele a GI Gladkov, kahi e hana ai nā kiʻi estr. nā mele (e like me nā mele ma B. Brecht's theater), a i ʻole The Chosen One of Fate i alakaʻi ʻia e S. Yu. ʻO Yursky (i haku ʻia e S. Rosenzweig). Ma ka hana ikaika o ke mele i ka dramaturgy o nā hana hana e hoʻokokoke ana i ke ʻano o ka synthetic. ʻO Meyerhold Theatre ("Pugachev" me nā mele a YM Butsko a me ka "The Master and Margarita" na MA Bulgakov me nā mele a EV Denisov ma ka Moscow Theatre of Drama and Comedy ma Taganka, ke alakaʻi ʻo Yu. P. Lyubimov). ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui loa. hana - mele na GV Sviridov no ke keaka na AK Tolstoy "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" (1973, Moscow. Maly Tr).

B. 70s. 20 c. ma ka mokuna o T. m. много работали Yu. M. Butsko, VA Gavrilin, GI Gladkov, SA Gubaidulina, EV Denisov, KA Karaev, AP Petrov, NI Peiko, NN Sidelnikov, SM Slonimsky, ML Tariverdiev, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, A. Ya. Eshpai et al.

E hoʻomaopopo ': Tairov A., alakaʻi ʻia e Zaptsky, M., 1921; Dasmanov V., Hoʻokani mele a me ka hoʻolālā kani, M., 1929; Satz NI, Mele i ka hale keaka no na keiki, ma kana puke: Ko makou ala. Moscow Children's Theatre…, Moscow, 1932; Lacis A., Keaka Kipi o Kelemānia, Moscow, 1935; Ignatov S., keaka Paniolo o XVI-XVII keneturia, M.-L., 1939; Begak E., haku mele no ka hana, M., 1952; Glumov A., Mele ma ka hale keaka keaka Lūkini, Moscow, 1955; Druskin M., Keaka mele, ma ka ohi: Essays on the history of Russian music, L., 1956; Bersenev I., Music in a dramatic performance, in his book: Collected articles, M., 1961; Brecht B., Keaka, vol. 5, M., 1965; B. Izrailevsky, Music in Performances of the Moscow Art Theater, (Moscow, 1965); Rappoport, L., Arthur Onegger, L., 1967; Meyerhold W., Haawina. Palapala.., ch. 2, M., 1968; Sats I., Mai nā puke puke, M., 1968; Weisbord M., FG Lorca - mea hoʻokani pila, M., 1970; Milyutin P., haku mele o kahi hana hoʻokani, L., 1975; Mele ma ka Dramatic Theater, Sat. st., L., 1976; Konen W., Purcell a me Opera, M., 1978; Tarshis N., Mele no ka hana, L., 1978; ʻO Barclay Squire W., ke mele hoʻokani a Purcell, 'SIMG', Jahrg. 5, 1903-04; Pedrell F., La musique indigine dans le thûvtre espagnol du XVII siîcle, tam je; Waldthausen E. von, Die Funktion der Musik im klassischen deutschen Schauspiel, Hdlb., 1921 (Diss.); Kre11 M., Das deutsche Theatre der Gegenwart, Münch. — Lpz., 1923; Wdtz R., Schauspielmusik zu Goethes «Faust», Lpz., 1924 (Diss.); Aber A., ​​​​Die Musik im Schauspiel, Lpz., 1926; Riemer O., Musik und Schauspiel, Z., 1946; Gassner J., Hoʻokumu i ka pāʻani, NY, 1953; Manifold JS, ʻO ke mele ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekane mai Shakespeare a Purcell, L., 1956; Settle R., Mele i ka hale keaka, L., 1957; Sternfeld FW, Musio in Shakespearean tragedy, L., 1963; Cowling JH, Music on the Shakespearean stage, NY, 1964.

TB Baranova