Aram Khachaturian |

Aram Khachaturian

… Nui ko Aram Khachaturian hāʻawi i nā mele o ko kākou mau lā. He mea paʻakikī ke hoʻonui i ke koʻikoʻi o kāna hana no ka Soviet a me ka moʻomeheu mele honua. Ua lanakila kona inoa i ka ʻike nui loa ma ko mākou ʻāina a ma waho; loaʻa iā ia he mau kakini o nā haumāna a me ka poʻe hahai e hoʻomohala i kēlā mau kumumanaʻo āna i kūpaʻa mau ai. D. Shostakovich

Hoʻohanohano ka hana a A. Khachaturian i ka waiwai o nā mea hoʻohālikelike, ka laulā o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano. Hoʻokomo kāna mele i nā manaʻo kanaka kiʻekiʻe o ke kipi, Soviet patriotism a me internationalism, nā kumumanaʻo a me nā manaʻo e hōʻike ana i nā hanana heroic a me ka pōʻino o ka mōʻaukala mamao a me ka wā hou; ʻO nā kiʻi waihoʻoluʻu a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ola o ka poʻe, ka honua waiwai o nā manaʻo, nā manaʻo a me nā ʻike o ko kākou wā. Me kāna hana kiʻi, hīmeni ʻo Khachaturian me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke ola o kāna kamaʻāina a kokoke iā ia ʻo Armenia.

ʻAʻole maʻamau ka moʻolelo pilikino o Khachaturian. ʻOiai ke kālena mele ʻālohilohi, ʻaʻole loa i loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻonaʻauao mele kūikawā mua a ua komo pū ʻo ia i ka mele i ka makahiki ʻumikūmāiwa. ʻO nā makahiki i hala ma Tiflis kahiko, ua waiho nā mele mele o ka wā kamaliʻi i kahi hōʻailona indelible ma ka noʻonoʻo o ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana a hoʻoholo i ke kumu o kāna manaʻo mele.

ʻO ka lewa waiwai loa o ke ola mele o kēia kūlanakauhale he mana ikaika loa ia i ka hana a ka mea haku mele, kahi i kani ai nā mele mele Georgian, Armenian a me Azerbaijani i kēlā me kēia pae, improvisation o nā mea mele-moʻolelo - ashugs a me sazandars, nā kuʻuna o nā mele hikina a me ke komohana. .

I ka makahiki 1921, ua neʻe ʻo Khachaturian i Moscou a noho pū me kona kaikuaʻana ʻo Suren, he kiʻi keaka koʻikoʻi, hoʻonohonoho a me ke poʻo o ke keʻena hana keaka Armenian. ʻO ke ola hana kiʻi o Moscow e kāhāhā i ke kanaka ʻōpio.

Hele ʻo ia i nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, nā hale hōʻikeʻike, nā ahiahi moʻokalaleo, nā ʻahamele, nā opera a me nā hana ballet, makemake nui i nā manaʻo noʻeau, ʻike i nā hana o nā mele mele honua. ʻO ka hana a M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Balakirev, A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Ravel, K. Debussy, I. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, a me A. Spendiarov, R. Melikyan, etc. i kekahi degere a i ʻole i hoʻololi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ʻano kumu hohonu o Khachaturian.

Ma ka ʻōlelo aʻo a kona kaikunāne, i ka hāʻule ʻana o 1922, ua komo ʻo Khachaturian i ke keʻena olaola o ke Kulanui ʻo Moscow, a ma hope iki - ma ke kula mele. ʻO Gnesins i ka papa cello. Ma hope o 3 mau makahiki, haʻalele ʻo ia i kāna mau haʻawina ma ke kulanui a hāʻawi iā ia iho i ke mele.

I ka manawa like, ho'ōki ʻo ia i ka pāʻani ʻana i ka cello a ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka papa haku mele kaulana kaulana a me ka mea haku mele ʻo M. Gnesin. Ke ho'āʻo nei e hoʻopau i ka manawa nalowale i kona wā kamaliʻi, hana ikaika ʻo Khachaturian, hoʻopiha i kona ʻike. I ka makahiki 1929 ua komo ʻo Khachaturian i ka Conservatory o Moscow. I ka makahiki 1 o kāna aʻo ʻana i ka haku mele, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia me Gnesin, a mai ka makahiki 2 ʻo N. Myaskovsky, ka mea i hoʻokani nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻomohala o Khachaturian, ua lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi. I ka makahiki 1934, ua puka 'o Khachaturian me ka hanohano mai ka conservatory a ho'omau i ka holomua ma ke kula puka. Kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano he hana puka, ua hoʻopau ka First Symphony i ka wā haumāna o ka moʻolelo biography haku mele. Ua loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi loa - ʻaneʻane ua lilo nā haku mele a pau o ka wā haumāna i repertoire. ʻO kēia ka mea mua, ʻo ka First Symphony, ka piano Toccata, ka Trio no ka clarinet, violin a me ka piano, ka mele mele (no ka hanohano o ka ashugs) no ka violin a me ka piano, etc.

ʻO kahi hana maikaʻi loa o Khachaturian ʻo ia ka Piano Concerto (1936), i hana ʻia i kāna mau haʻawina postgraduate a lawe i ka mea haku mele kaulana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole pau ka hana ma ke kahua mele, keaka a me nā mele kiʻiʻoniʻoni. I ka makahiki o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻaha mele, hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni "Pepo" me nā mele a Khachaturian ma nā pale o nā kūlanakauhale o ka ʻāina. Lilo ka mele a Pepo i mele mele punahele ma Armenia.

I loko o nā makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kula mele a me ka conservatory, kipa mau ʻo Khachaturian i ka Hale o Culture o Soviet Armenia, he mea nui kēia i kāna moʻolelo. Maʻaneʻi ua kokokeʻo ia i ka mea haku mele A. Spendiarov, ka mea pena M. Saryan, ka mea alakaʻi K. Saradzhev, ka mea mele Sh. ʻO Talyan, ka mea hana keaka a me ke alakaʻi ʻo R. Simonov. I nā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua kamaʻilio ʻo Khachaturian me nā kiʻi keaka koʻikoʻi (A. Nezhdanova, L. Sobinov, V. Meyerhold, V. Kachalov), nā mea piano (K. Igumnov, E. Beckman-Shcherbina), nā haku mele (S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky ). ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā kukui o ka Soviet musical art i waiwai nui i ka honua ʻuhane o ka haku mele ʻōpio. Late 30s - mua 40s. ua hōʻailona ʻia e ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau hana kupaianaha a ka mea haku mele, i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka waihona gula o nā mele Soviet. Aia ma waena o lākou ka Symphonic Poem (1938), Violin Concerto (1940), mele no Lope de Vega comedy The Widow of Valencia (1940) a me M. Lermontov's drama Masquerade. ʻO ka mua o ka hope i hana ʻia ma ka pō o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui ma Iune 21, 1941 ma ka hale keaka. E. Vakhtangov.

Mai nā lā mua o ke kaua, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o ka hana a me ka hana hoʻomohala o Khachaturian. Ma ke ʻano he hope pelekikena o ke Kōmike Hoʻonohonoho o ka Union of Composers o ka USSR, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana a kēia hui hoʻomohala e hoʻoponopono i nā hana koʻikoʻi o ke kaua, hana me ka hōʻike ʻana i kāna mau mele i nā ʻāpana a me nā halemai, a komo i nā hana kūikawā. hoolaha a ke Komite Radio no ke alo. ʻAʻole i pale ka hana lehulehu i ka haku mele mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hana o nā ʻano a me nā ʻano like ʻole i kēia mau makahiki he nui, ʻo ka nui o ia mau mea i hōʻike i nā kumuhana koa.

I loko o nā makahiki 4 o ke kaua, ua hana ʻo ia i ka ballet "Gayane" (1942), ka Second Symphony (1943), mele no ʻekolu mau hana hoʻokani ("Kremlin Chimes" - 1942, "Deep Intelligence" - 1943, "The Last Day "- 1945), no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Man No. 217" a ma kāna mea Suite no nā piano ʻelua (1945), ua haku ʻia nā suites mai ke mele no "Masquerade" a me ka ballet "Gayane" (1943), 9 mau mele i kākau ʻia. , he huakaʻi no ka hui keleawe "To Heroes of the Patriotic War" (1942) , Anthem of the Armenian SSR (1944). Eia hou, ua hoʻomaka ka hana ma ka Cello Concerto a me ʻekolu arias concert (1944), i hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1946. I ka wā o ke kaua, ua hoʻomaka ka manaʻo o kahi "heroic choreodrama" - ka ballet Spartacus - e ulu aʻe.

Ua kamaʻilio pū ʻo Khachaturian i ke kumuhana o ke kaua i nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua: nā mele no nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni The Battle of Stalingrad (1949), The Russian Question (1947), They Have a Homeland (1949), Secret Mission (1950), a me ka pāʻani. Node Hema (1947). ʻO ka mea hope loa, ma ka manawa o ka 30th anniversary o ka lanakila i ke kaua ʻāina nui (1975), ua hana ʻia kekahi o nā hana hope a ka mea haku mele, ʻo Solemn Fanfares no nā pū a me nā pahu. ʻO nā hana koʻikoʻi o ka wā kaua ʻo ia ka ballet "Gayane" a me ka Second Symphony. ʻO ka mua o ka ballet i mālama ʻia ma Dekemaba 3, 1942 ma Perm e nā pūʻali o ka Leningrad Opera a me Ballet Theatre. SM Kirov. Wahi a ka mea haku mele, "ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka manaʻo o ka Second Symphony e nā hanana o ke Kaua Patriotic. Makemake au e haʻi aku i nā manaʻo huhū, hoʻopaʻi no nā hewa a pau a ka fascism Kelemania i hana ai iā mākou. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hōʻike ka symphony i ke ʻano o ke kaumaha a me nā manaʻo o ka hilinaʻi hohonu loa i ko mākou lanakila hope." Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Khachaturian i ka Symphony ʻekolu i ka lanakila o ka poʻe Soviet i ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka 30th anniversary o ka Great October Socialist Revolution. E like me ka hoʻolālā - he himeni i ka poʻe lanakila - he 15 paipu hou a me kahi okana i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka symphony.

I nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua, ua hoʻomau ʻo Khachaturian i ka haku ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka hana koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka ballet "Spartacus" (1954). “Ua hana au i ke mele e like me ka hana a ka poe haku mele o ka wa i hala i ko lakou huli ana i na kumuhana o ka moolelo: ka malama ana i ko lakou ano iho, ko lakou ano kakau ana, ua hai mai lakou e pili ana i na hanana ma o ka prisma o ko lakou ike akamai. ʻIke ʻia ka ballet "Spartacus" iaʻu ma ke ʻano he hana me ka dramaturgy mele ʻoi, me nā kiʻi noʻeau i hoʻomohala nui ʻia a me nā haʻiʻōlelo hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaninani. Ua manaʻo wau he mea pono e hoʻokomo i nā hana a pau o ka moʻomeheu mele hou i mea e hōʻike ai i ke kumuhana kiʻekiʻe o Spartacus. No laila, ua kākau ʻia ka ballet ma kahi ʻōlelo hou, me ka ʻike hou i nā pilikia o ke ʻano mele a me ke keaka," i kākau ai ʻo Khachaturian e pili ana i kāna hana ma ka ballet.

Ma waena o nā hana ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia i nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua ʻo "Ode to the Memory of VI Lenin" (1948), "Ode to Joy" (1956), i kākau ʻia no ka makahiki ʻelua o ke kiʻi Armenian ma Moscow, "Greeting Overture" (1959). ) no ka wehe ʻana o ka XXI Congress o ka CPSU. E like me ka mea ma mua, hōʻike ka mea haku mele i ka hoihoi nui i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ke mele keaka, hana i nā mele. I ka makahiki 50. Kākauʻo Khachaturian i nā mele no ka pāʻani a B. Lavrenev "Lermontov", no nā pōʻino o Shakespeare "Macbeth" a me "King Lear", mele no nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Admiral Ushakov", "Ships storm the bastions", "Saltanat", "Othello", "Bonfire ka make ʻole", "Duel". ʻO ka mele "Armenian drinking. Mele e pili ana iā Yerevan", "Peace march", "He aha nā keiki e moeʻuhane ai".

ʻAʻole i hōʻailona ʻia nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua e ka hana ʻana i nā hana hou i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, akā me nā hanana koʻikoʻi i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino a Khachaturian. I ka makahiki 1950, ua kono 'ia 'o ia ma ke 'ano he polopeka o ka haku mele i ka manawa like ma Moscow Conservatory a ma ka Musical and Pedagogical Institute. ʻO Genesin. I loko o nā makahiki 27 o kāna hana aʻo, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Khachaturian i nā kaukani o nā haumāna, me A. Eshpay, E. Oganesyan, R. Boyko, M. Tariverdiev, B. Trotsyuk, A. Vieru, N. Terahara, A. Rybyaikov, K Volkov, M Minkov, D. Mikhailov a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana aʻoaʻo i hui pū me nā hoʻokolohua mua i ka hana ʻana i kāna mau haku ponoʻī. I kēlā me kēia makahiki ke ulu nei ka helu o nā ʻaha mele a ka mea kākau. Hoʻopili ʻia nā huakaʻi i nā kūlanakauhale o ka Soviet Union me nā huakaʻi i nā ʻāina he nui ma ʻEulopa, Asia, a me ʻAmelika. Maʻaneʻiʻo ia e hui ai me nāʻelele nui loa o ka honuaʻoihana: nā haku mele I. Stravinsky, J. Sibelius, J. Enescu, B. Britten, S. Barber, P. Vladigerov, O. Messiaen, Z. Kodai, nā alakaʻi L. Stokowecki, ʻO G. Karajan , J. Georgescu, nā mea hoʻokani A. Rubinstein, E. Zimbalist, nā mea kākau E. Hemingway, P. Neruda, nā mea pena kiʻiʻoniʻoni Ch. Chaplin, S. Lauren a me na mea e ae.

ʻO ka manawa hope o ka hana a Khachaturian i hōʻailona ʻia e ka hana ʻana o "Ballad of the Motherland" (1961) no bass and orchestra, ʻelua mau mea kani: rhapsodic concertos no cello (1961), violin (1963), piano (1968) a me nā sonatas solo. no cello (1974), violins (1975) a me viola (1976); ʻO ka Sonata (1961), i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i kāna kumu ʻo N. Myaskovsky, a me ka 2nd volume o ka "Children's Album" (1965, 1st volume - 1947) i kākau ʻia no ka piano.

ʻO ka hōʻike o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka hana a Khachaturian ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana iā ia i nā kauoha a me nā mekala i kapa ʻia ma muli o nā haku haku mele nui loa, a me kona koho ʻana ma ke ʻano hanohano a i ʻole he lālā piha o nā kula mele like ʻole o ka honua.

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka hana kiʻi a Khachaturian i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i nā mea waiwai loa o ka symphonizing oriental monodic thematics, e hoʻopili pū me nā haku mele o nā repubalika fraternal, ka moʻomeheu monodic o ka Soviet East i polyphony, i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano. i hoʻomohala mua i nā mele ʻEulopa, e hōʻike i nā ala e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻōlelo mele aupuni. Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ke ʻano o ka improvisation, ka timbre-harmonic brilliance o ke kiʻi mele oriental, ma o ka hana a Khachaturian, i ʻike nui ʻia i nā mea haku mele - nā ʻelele o ka moʻomeheu mele ʻEulopa. ʻO ka hana a Khachaturian kahi hōʻike paʻa o ka hua o ka pilina ma waena o nā kuʻuna o nā moʻomeheu mele o ka Hikina a me ke Komohana.

D. Arutyunov