Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach) |

ʻO Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach

ʻO nā hana piano a Emanuel Bach, he mau ʻāpana wale nō kaʻu, a ʻo kekahi o lākou he pono e lawelawe i kēlā me kēia mea pena kiʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he mea leʻaleʻa kiʻekiʻe, akā he mau mea no ke aʻo ʻana. L. Beethoven. Leta ia G. Hertel Iulai 26, 1809

ʻO ka ʻohana Bach holoʻokoʻa, ʻo Carl Philipp Emanuel wale nō, ke keiki lua a JS Bach, a me kona kaikaina ʻo Johann Christian i loaʻa i ke poʻo inoa "nui" i ko lākou ola ʻana. ʻOiai ke hana nei ka mōʻaukala i kāna mau hoʻoponopono ponoʻī i ka loiloi o nā contemporaries i ke koʻikoʻi o kēia a i kēlā mea hoʻokani pila, i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ke kuleana o FE Bach i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻano mele kahiko o ka mea kani, i hiki i kona kiʻekiʻe i ka hana a I. . Haydn, WA ​​Mozart a me L. Beethoven. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā keiki a JS Bach e noho i kahi wā hoʻololi, i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai nā ala hou i ke mele, pili pū me ka ʻimi ʻana i kona ʻano o loko, kahi kūʻokoʻa i waena o nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Nui nā haku mele mai Italia, Farani, Kelemānia a me Czech Republic i komo i loko o kēia kaʻina hana, ʻo kā lākou hoʻoikaika ʻana i hoʻomākaukau i ke ʻano o nā mele Viennese. A ma kēia pūʻulu o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea pena kiʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kiʻi o FE Bach.

Ua ʻike nā Contemporaries i ka waiwai nui o Philippe Emanuel i ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻano "expressive" a i ʻole "sensitive" o ke mele clavier. Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻeha o kāna Sonata i ka F minor me ka lewa o Sturm und Drang. Pīhoihoi ka poʻe hoʻolohe i ka leʻaleʻa a me ka nani o nā sonata a Bach a me nā noʻonoʻo improvisational, nā mele "kamaʻilio", a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻokani ʻana o ka mea kākau. ʻO ke kumu mele mua a ʻo Philip Emanuel kona makuakāne, ʻaʻole naʻe i manaʻo he mea pono e hoʻomākaukau kūikawā i kāna keiki lima hema, nāna i hoʻokani i nā mea kani, no ka ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani (ʻike ʻo Johann Sebastian i kahi mea kūpono. pani i kāna hānau mua, ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann). Ma hope o kona puka ʻana mai ke kula ʻo St. Thomas ma Leipzig, ua aʻo ʻo Emanuel i ke kānāwai ma nā kulanui o Leipzig a me Frankfurt/Oder.

I kēia manawa, ua kākau mua ʻo ia i nā mele mele he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻelima sonata a me ʻelua mau mele clavier. Ma hope o kona puka ʻana mai ke kulanui i ka makahiki 1738, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Emanuel iā ia iho me ka kānalua ʻole i ka mele a i ka makahiki 1741 ua loaʻa iā ia kahi hana ma ke ʻano he harpsichordist ma Berlin, ma ke aloaliʻi o Frederick II o Prussia, ka mea i piʻi i ka noho aliʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia ke aliʻi ma ʻEulopa he mōʻī naʻauao; e like me kona wā ʻōpio, ʻo ka Empress Lūkini ʻo Catherine II, ua kākau ʻo Friedrich me Voltaire a kākoʻo i nā ʻoihana.

Ma hope koke iho o kona poni ʻia, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hale keaka ma Berlin. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ke ola mele o ka ʻaha holoʻokoʻa i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi loa e nā ʻono o ke aliʻi (a hiki i ka manawa i ka wā o ka hoʻokani opera, ua hahai pono ke aliʻi i ka hana mai ka helu - ma luna o ka poʻohiwi o ka mea hoʻokani pila). He ʻokoʻa kēia mau ʻono: ʻaʻole ʻae ka mea aloha mele lei aliʻi i nā mele a ka hale pule a me nā hoʻopiʻi fugue, ua makemake ʻo ia i ka opera Italia ma mua o nā ʻano mele āpau, ʻo ka ʻohe i nā ʻano mea kani a pau, ʻo kāna ʻohe i nā ʻohe a pau (e like me ka Bach, ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ke aloha mele ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke aliʻi). ). Ua kākau ʻo I. Kvanz i ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana ma kahi o 300 mau ʻaha mele no kāna haumāna ʻoi; i kēlā me kēia ahiahi i loko o ka makahiki, hana ke aliʻi ma ka hale aliʻi ʻo Sanssouci iā lākou a pau (i kekahi manawa hoʻi kāna mau mele ponoʻī), me ka ʻole o ke alo o nā aliʻi. ʻO ka hana a ʻEmanuela e hele pū me ke aliʻi. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia lawelawe monotonous i kekahi manawa e nā hanana. ʻO kekahi o lākou ka kipa ʻana i ka makahiki 1747 i ka hale hoʻokolokolo Prussian o JS Bach. ʻOiai ʻo ia he ʻelemakule, ua hoʻopūhoihoi maoli ʻo ia i ke aliʻi me kāna hana clavier a me ka organ improvisation, nāna i hoʻopau i kāna ʻaha mele i ka wā i hiki mai ai ʻo Bach kahiko. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o kona makuakāne, ua mālama pono ʻo FE Bach i nā palapala i loaʻa iā ia.

ʻO nā hana hoʻokō a Emanuel Bach iā ia iho ma Berlin he mea kupanaha loa. Aia i ka makahiki 1742-44. 12 harpsichord sonatas ("Prussian" and "Württemberg"), 2 trios no violins a bass, 3 harpsichord concerto i paʻi ʻia; i ka makahiki 1755-65 - 24 sonata (a pau ma kahi o 200) a me nā ʻāpana no ka harpsichord, 19 symphonies, 30 trios, 12 sonatas no ka harpsichord me ka hoʻokani pila, approx. 50 harpsichord concerto, haku mele (cantatas, oratorios). ʻO nā sonata clavier ka waiwai nui loa - ua nānā nui ʻo FE Bach i kēia ʻano. ʻO ka ʻālohilohi kiʻi, ke kūʻokoʻa o ka haku mele ʻana o kāna mau sonata e hōʻike ana i ka hana hou a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kuʻuna mele o ka wā i hala (e laʻana, ʻo ka improvisation kahi leo o ke kākau kinona a JS Bach). ʻO ka mea hou a Philippe Emanuel i hoʻokomo ai i ka clavier art, he ʻano kūikawā ia o ka mele cantilena lyrical, kokoke i nā loina noʻeau o ka sentimentalism. Ma waena o nā hana leo o ka wā Berlin, kū ka Magnificat (1749), e like me ka haku mele o ka inoa like e JS Bach a i ka manawa like, i kekahi mau kumuhana, e kali ana i ke ʻano o WA ​​Mozart.

ʻO ka lewa o ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo me ke kānalua ʻole ua kaumaha i ka "Berlin" Bach (e like me Philippe Emanuel i hoʻomaka ai e kapa ʻia). ʻAʻole i mahalo ʻia kāna mau haku mele he nui (ua makemake ka mōʻī i nā mele kumu liʻiliʻi a Quantz a me nā kaikunāne Graun iā lākou). Ke mahalo ʻia nei i waena o nā ʻelele koʻikoʻi o ka poʻe akamai o Berlin (me ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka palapala kākau a me ka hui mele ʻo Berlin HG Krause, nā ʻepekema mele I. Kirnberger a me F. Marpurg, ka mea kākau a me ke akeakamai GE Lessing), FE Bach i Ma ka manawa like, ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā ia kahi mea e pono ai kona mau pūʻali ma kēia kūlanakauhale. ʻO kāna hana wale nō, i loaʻa i ka ʻike i kēlā mau makahiki, he theoretical: "ʻO ka ʻike o ka ʻoihana maoli o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka clavier" (1753-62). I ka makahiki 1767, neʻe akula ʻo FE Bach a me kona ʻohana i Hamburg a noho ma laila a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola ʻana, e lawe ana i ka pou o ke alakaʻi mele o ke kūlanakauhale ma ka hoʻokūkū (ma hope o ka make ʻana o HF Telemann, kona makua kāne, ka mea i noho ma kēia kūlana no ka manawa lōʻihi. manawa). Ma hope o ka lilo ʻana i "Hamburg" Bach, ua loaʻa iā Philippe Emanuel ka ʻike piha, e like me kona nele i Berlin. Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ia i ke ola ʻaha mele o Hamburg, ke nānā nei i ka hana o kāna mau hana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mele mele. Hiki mai ka nani iā ​​ia. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻono ʻole o ka panalāʻau o Hamburg i hoʻonāukiuki iā Philip Emanuel. "ʻO Hamburg, ka mea i kaulana mua no kāna keaka, ka mea mua a kaulana loa ma Kelemānia, ua lilo ia i mele Boeotia," wahi a R. Rolland. “Ua nalowale ʻo Philippe Emanuel Bach. Ke kipa aku ʻo Bernie iā ia, ʻōlelo ʻo Philippe Emanuel iā ia: "Ua hele mai ʻoe i ʻaneʻi he kanalima makahiki ma hope o ka mea e pono ai." ʻAʻole hiki i kēia manaʻo hoʻonāukiuki ke uhi i nā makahiki i hala o ke ola o FE Bach, i lilo i mea kaulana honua. Ma Hamburg, ua hōʻike ʻia kāna talena ma ke ʻano he haku mele a hoʻokani i kāna mele ponoʻī me ka ikaika hou. "Ma nā ʻāpana ʻoluʻolu a lohi, i kēlā me kēia manawa e pono ai ʻo ia e hāʻawi i ka hōʻike i kahi kani lōʻihi, ua hiki iā ia ke unuhi mai kāna mea kani i ka uē maoli ʻana o ke kaumaha a me nā hoʻopiʻi, hiki ke loaʻa ma ka clavichord a, ʻo ia wale nō paha, iā ia wale nō. ” i kākau ai ʻo C. Burney. Ua mahalo ʻo Philip Emanuel iā Haydn, a ua loiloi ka poʻe o ka wā i nā haku ʻelua ma ke ʻano like. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, nui nā mea i ʻike ʻia e FE Bach i ʻohi ʻia e Haydn, Mozart a me Beethoven a hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa.

D. Chekhovych