Claudio Arrau (Claudio Arrau) |

Claudio Arrau

ʻI heʻene taʻu hifo, naʻe manatuʻi ʻe he patriarch of European piano, Edwin Fischer: “I he taimi ʻe taha naʻe haʻu ai ha tangata taʻengata ʻoku ʻikai ke u maʻu ha tama ʻa ia naʻá ne loto ke fakahā mai kiate au. Ninau aku au i ke keiki i kana mea i manao ai e paani, a pane mai oia: “Heaha kau makemake? Ke pāʻani nei au iā Bach a pau…” I loko o nā minuke liʻiliʻi, ua hauʻoli nui wau i ke kālena maikaʻi loa o kahi keikikāne ʻehiku makahiki. Akā, i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole au i makemake e aʻo a hoʻouna iā ia i koʻu kumu ʻo Martin Krause. Ma hope mai, ua lilo kēia keiki prodigy i mea hoʻokani piano koʻikoʻi loa o ka honua.

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ʻO Claudio Arrau kēia keiki prodigy. Ua hele mai ʻo ia i Berlin ma hope o kona ʻike mua ʻana ma ke kahua ma ke ʻano he keiki 6 makahiki ma ke kapikala ʻo Chile, ʻo Santiago, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻaha mele na Beethoven, Schubert a me Chopin a hoʻohauʻoli nui i ka lehulehu a hāʻawi ke aupuni iā ​​​​ia i kahi haʻawina kūikawā. e aʻo ma ʻEulopa. Ua puka 'o Chilean 15 makahiki mai ka Stern Conservatory ma Berlin ma ka papa o M. Krause, he mea ho'okani 'aha mele 'ike mua 'o ia - ua hana 'o ia i kona ho'omaka 'ana ma 'ane'i i ka makahiki 1914. Akā na'e, 'a'ole hiki ke helu 'ia 'o ia he keiki prodigy me ka 'ole. hoʻopaʻa ʻia: ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka hana ʻaha mele i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻoihana paʻa, wikiwiki ʻole, hoʻonaʻauao ākea, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike. ʻAʻole he mea kupanaha ua ʻae ʻo Shternovsky Conservatory i ka makahiki 1925 iā ia i loko o kona mau paia ma ke ʻano he kumu!

ʻO ka naʻi ʻana o nā pae ʻaha mele honua ua mālie a ʻaʻole maʻalahi - ua ukali ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana, ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā palena repertoire, lanakila i nā mana, i kekahi manawa ikaika loa (Busoni, d'Albert, Teresa Carregno, ma hope o Fischer a me Schnabel), e hoʻomohala ana i kā lākou iho. hana i nā loina . I ka makahiki 1923 i ho'āʻo ai ka mea pena kiʻi e "ʻino" i ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika, ua pau kēia hoʻāʻo ʻana me ka hāʻule ʻole; Ma hope wale nō o ka makahiki 1941, ua neʻe ʻo ia i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua loaʻa iā Arrau ka ʻike honua ma aneʻi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma kona ʻāina hānau, ua ʻae koke ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he meʻe aupuni; Ua hoʻi mua ʻo ia ma ʻaneʻi i ka makahiki 1921, a he mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua kapa ʻia nā alanui ma ke kapikala a me kona kūlanakauhale hānau ʻo Chillán ma muli o Claudio Arrau, a ua hāʻawi ke aupuni iā ​​ia i kahi palapala palapala diplomatic no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā huakaʻi. I kona lilo ʻana i kamaʻāina ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 1941, ʻaʻole i nalowale ka mea pena me Chile, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kahi kula mele ma aneʻi, a ma hope ua ulu aʻe i kahi conservatory. Ma hope wale nō, i ka wā i hopu ai ka poʻe fascists Pinochet i ka mana ma ka ʻāina, hōʻole ʻo Arrau e ʻōlelo ma ka home e kūʻē. "ʻAʻole au e hoʻi i laila ʻoiai ʻo Pinochet i ka mana," wahi āna.

Ma ʻEulopa, ua kaulana ʻo Arrau no ka manawa lōʻihi ma ke ʻano he "super-technologist", "he virtuoso ma luna o nā mea āpau".

ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke kiʻi noʻeau o ka mea pena, ua hiki mua kāna ʻenehana i ka hemolele a me ka nani. ʻOiai ua hele pū me ia i waho o ka kūleʻa, ua hele pū ʻia lākou me kahi ʻano hoʻohenehene o ka poʻe hoʻohewa i hōʻino iā ia no nā hewa kuʻuna o ka virtuosity - superficiality, formal interpretation, deliberate speed of pace. ʻO kēia ka mea i hana ʻia i ka huakaʻi mua ma USSR, i kona hele ʻana mai iā mākou i ka halo o ka mea lanakila o kekahi o nā hoʻokūkū honua mua o ko mākou manawa, i mālama ʻia ma Geneva i ka makahiki 1927. A laila hoʻokani ʻo Arrau i hoʻokahi ahiahi ʻekolu concerto me ka orchestra - Chopin (No. 2), Beethoven (No. 4) a me Tchaikovsky (No. 1), a laila he papahana solo nui i komo pū me Stravinsky's "Petrushka", Balakirev's "Islamey", Sonata in B minor Chopin, Partita and ʻelua preludes a fugues mai Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, kahi ʻāpana na Debussy. ʻOiai e pili ana i ke kua o ka holo ʻana o nā mea kaulana o nā ʻāina ʻē, ua paʻi ʻo Arrau me ka ʻenehana phenomenal, "energetic volitional pressure", ke kūʻokoʻa o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea āpau o ka hoʻokani piano, ʻenehana manamana lima, pedalization, rhythmic evenness, colorfulness o kāna palette. Paʻi - akā ʻaʻole i lanakila i nā puʻuwai o nā mea aloha mele Moscow.

ʻOkoʻa ka manaʻo o kāna huakaʻi lua i ka makahiki 1968. Ua kākau ʻo L. Zhivov ka mea hoʻohewa: “Ua hōʻike ʻo Arrau i kahi ʻano pianistic maikaʻi loa a hōʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole i nalowale kekahi mea ma ke ʻano he virtuoso, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, ua loaʻa iā ia ka naʻauao a me ke ʻano o ka wehewehe ʻana. ʻAʻole hōʻike ka mea hoʻokani piano i ke ʻano ʻole, ʻaʻole ia e paila e like me ke kanaka ʻōpio, akā, e like me ka mea hoʻonani e mahalo ana i nā ʻaoʻao o ka pōhaku makamae ma o ke aniani aniani, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia i ka hohonu loa o ka hana, haʻi ʻo ia i kāna ʻike me ka lehulehu. e hōʻike ana i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole o ka hana, ka waiwai a me ka maʻalahi o nā manaʻo, ka nani o nā manaʻo i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko. A no laila ua pau ke mele a Arrau i mea e hōʻike ai i kona mau ʻano ponoʻī; akā, ʻo ka mea pena, ma ke ʻano he naita ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka manaʻo o ka haku mele, ua hoʻopili pololei ʻo ia i ka mea hoʻolohe me ka mea nāna i haku mele.

A ʻo ia hana, hoʻohui mākou, i ka volta kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, e hoʻomālamalama i ke keʻena me nā uila o ke ahi hana maoli. "ʻO ka ʻuhane o Beethoven, ka manaʻo o Beethoven - ʻo ia ka mea i lanakila ai ʻo Arrau," wahi a D. Rabinovich i kāna loiloi ʻana i ka ʻaha mele mele a ka mea pena. Ua mahalo nui ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana o nā concerto Brahms: "ʻO kēia kahi o ka hohonu o ka naʻauao maʻamau o Arrau me ke ʻano o ka psychologism, ke komo ʻana i ka lyricism me ka leo ikaika o ka ʻōlelo, ke kūʻokoʻa o ka hana me ka noʻonoʻo paʻa o ka noʻonoʻo mele. - no laila ke ʻano i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka hui pū ʻana o ke ahi i loko me ka mālie o waho a me ka paʻa ʻana iā ia iho i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo; no laila ka makemake i hāʻawi ʻia i ka pace kaohi a me ka dynamics haʻahaʻa.

Ma waena o nā kipa ʻelua o ka pianist i ka USSR he ʻehā mau makahiki o ka hana paʻakikī a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻole ʻana iā ʻoe iho, he mau makahiki e hiki ai ke hoʻomaopopo a wehewehe i ka mea a ka poʻe hoʻohewa ʻo Moscow, ka mea i lohe iā ia "ia manawa" a "i kēia manawa", i ʻike ʻia. he hoʻololi i manaʻo ʻole ʻia o ka mea pena, i koi iā lākou e haʻalele i kā lākou mau manaʻo mua e pili ana iā ia. Akā, he mea kakaʻikahi paha?

ʻIke maopopo ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma ka papa inoa o Arrau – aia nā mea ʻelua i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia a me ka hopena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mea pena. ʻO ka mua nā inoa o nā papa mele nui o ka 1956th century, i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o kāna repertoire: Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Brahms, Liszt. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kēia wale nō - wehewehe maikaʻi ʻo ia i nā concerto o Grieg lāua ʻo Tchaikovsky, hoʻokani ʻoluʻolu iā Ravel, huli pinepine i ka mele a Schubert lāua ʻo Weber; ʻO kāna pōʻai Mozart, hāʻawi ʻia i ka makahiki 200 e pili ana i ka makahiki 1967 o ka hānau ʻana o ka haku mele, poina ʻole i ka poʻe hoʻolohe. Ma kāna mau papahana hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā inoa o Bartok, Stravinsky, Britten, ʻo Schoenberg a me Messiaen. Wahi a ka mea pena kiʻi ponoʻī, ma 63 kona hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i mālama i nā ʻaha mele 76 me ka orchestra a me nā hana solo he nui aʻe e lawa ai lākou no nā papahana ʻaha mele XNUMX!

Hoʻohui i kāna mau hiʻohiʻona o nā kula aupuni like ʻole, ka universality o ka repertoire a me ke kaulike, ʻo ka hemolele o ka pāʻani i hāʻawi i ka mea noiʻi ʻo I. Kaiser i kumu e kamaʻilio ai e pili ana i ka "mea pohihihi o Arrau", e pili ana i ka paʻakikī i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano i loko. kona helehelena hana. Akā ʻo ka mea nui, ʻo kona kumu, ʻo kāna kākoʻo i loko o ke mele o ke kenekulia 1935. Ke loli nei ka manaʻo o Arrau i ke mele e hoʻokani ʻia nei. I nā makahiki, lilo ʻo ia i "koho" i ke koho ʻana i nā hana, e pāʻani wale ana i ka mea kokoke i kona ʻano, e hoʻoikaika ana e hoʻopaʻa i nā pilikia ʻenehana a me ka wehewehe ʻana, e nānā pono i ka maʻemaʻe o ke ʻano a me nā nīnau o ke kani. He mea pono ke ʻike i ke ʻano maʻalahi o kāna pāʻani ʻana i ka loli mau ʻana o ke ʻano o Beethoven i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻaha mele ʻelima i hana ʻia me B. Haitink! Ma kēiaʻano,ʻo kona manaʻo e pili ana iā Bach he mea hōʻike pū kekahi -ʻo ia hoʻiʻo Bach āna i pāʻani ai "wale nō" ma keʻano he'ōpiopioʻehiku makahiki. I ka makahiki 12, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Arrau i nā pōkā o Bach ma Berlin a me Vienna, nona nā concerto XNUMX, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā hana clavier āpau a ka mea haku mele. "No laila ua hoʻāʻo wau e komo i loko o ke ʻano kikoʻī o Bach iaʻu iho, i loko o kāna honua kani, e ʻike i kona ʻano." ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike nui ʻo Arrau ma Bach nona iho a no kāna poʻe hoʻolohe. A i kona wehe ʻana, "ʻike koke ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokani i kāna mau hana ma ka piano. A ʻoiai koʻu mahalo nui i ka haku mele akamai, mai kēia manawa ʻaʻole wau e pāʻani i kāna mau hana i mua o ka lehulehu "… Manaʻo nui ʻo Arrau e koi ʻia ka mea hana e aʻo i ka manaʻo a me ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia mea kākau, "e koi ana i ka naʻauao waiwai. ʻike koʻikoʻi o ke au e pili ana ka haku mele, kona kūlana noʻonoʻo i ka manawa o ka hana ʻana. Hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kekahi o kāna mau kumu nui ma ka hana a me ke aʻo ʻana penei: “E pale i ka dogmatism. A ʻo ka mea nui loa, ʻo ia ka assimilation o ka "hua'ōlelo mele", ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻenehana no laila ʻaʻole ʻelua mau memo like i ka crescendo a me ka decrescendo. ʻO kēia ka ʻōlelo a Arrau i ʻike ʻia: "Ma ka nānā ʻana i kēlā me kēia hana, ke hoʻoikaika nei au e hana noʻu iho i kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻike maka o ke ʻano o ke kani e pili pono me ia." A i ka manawa i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia e mākaukau kahi piano maoli "e hoʻokō i ka legato maoli me ke kōkua ʻole o kahi pedal." ʻO ka poʻe i lohe i ka pāʻani ʻo Arrau, ʻaʻole kānalua lākou i hiki iā ia ke hana i kēia ...

ʻO kahi hopena pololei o kēia ʻano i ke mele ʻo ia ka manaʻo o Arrau no nā papahana monographic a me nā moʻolelo. E hoʻomanaʻo i ka lua o kāna kipa ʻana i Moscow, ua hana mua ʻo ia i ʻelima mau sonata Beethoven, a laila ʻelua mau concerto Brahms. He ʻano like ʻole me 1929! Akā i ka manawa like, ʻaʻole e alualu i ka lanakila maʻalahi, hewa ʻo ia i nā mea a pau me ka hoʻonaʻauao. ʻO kekahi, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei, "overplayed" haku mele (e like me "Appassionata") ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokomo i nā papahana no nā makahiki. He mea nui ia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua huli pinepine ʻo ia i ka hana a Liszt, e pāʻani ana, ma waena o nā hana ʻē aʻe, i kāna mau huaʻōlelo operatic a pau. "ʻAʻole kēia he mau haku mele hanohano," wahi a Arrau. "ʻO ka poʻe makemake e hoʻōla hou iā Liszt ka virtuoso e hoʻomaka mai kahi kuhi hewa. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mahalo iā Liszt i ka mea hoʻokani pila. Makemake wau e hoʻopau hope i ka hoʻomaopopo mua ʻana a Liszt i kākau i kāna mau paukū e hōʻike i ka ʻenehana. I loko o kāna mau mele koʻikoʻi, lawelawe lākou ma ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana - ʻoiai i loko o ka paʻakikī o kāna mau ʻōlelo hoʻokalakupua, kahi āna i hana ai i kahi mea hou mai ke kumumanaʻo, kahi ʻano hana keaka i ka liʻiliʻi. Hiki iā lākou ke like me ke mele virtuosic maʻemaʻe inā hoʻokani ʻia lākou me ka metronomic pedantry i kēia manawa. Akā ʻo kēia "pololei" he kuʻuna ʻino wale nō ia, mai ka naʻaupō. ʻO kēia ʻano kūpaʻa i nā memo ke kūʻē i ka hanu mele, i nā mea āpau i kapa ʻia he mele. Inā manaʻo ʻia e pāʻani ʻia ʻo Beethoven e like me ka hiki, a laila ma Liszt metronomic pololei he absurdity piha. Makemake ʻo ia i ka mea hoʻokani piano Mephistopheles!”

ʻO ia ʻo "Mephistopheles pianist" ʻo Claudio Arrau - pau ʻole, piha i ka ikehu, hoʻoikaika mau i mua. ʻO nā huakaʻi lōʻihi, nā hoʻopaʻa leo he nui, nā hana aʻoaʻo a me nā hana hoʻoponopono - ʻo kēia nā mea āpau o ke ola o ka mea pena, i kapa ʻia ʻo "super virtuoso", a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "piano strategist", "aristocrat at the piano" , he lunamaka'āinana o "lyrical intellectualism". Ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻo Arrau i kāna lā hānau 75th i ka makahiki 1978 me kahi huakaʻi i 14 mau ʻāina ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika, a ma ia manawa ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i 92 mau ʻaha mele a hoʻopaʻa i kekahi mau moʻolelo hou. "ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻokani pinepine," ʻae ʻo ia. "Inā hoʻomaha wau, a laila lilo wau i mea weliweli iaʻu ke hele hou i ke kahua" ... A i ka hele ʻana i ka ʻewalu mau makahiki, ua hoihoi ka makua kāne o ka piano hou i kahi ʻano hana hou nona iho - ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma nā cassettes wikiō. .

I ka pō o kona lā hānau 80, ua hoʻemi ʻo Arrau i ka helu o nā ʻahamele i kēlā me kēia makahiki (mai hoʻokahi haneli a hiki i ke kanaono a kanahiku paha), akā hoʻomau i ka huakaʻi ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, Brazil a me Iapana. I ka makahiki 1984, no ka manawa mua ma hope o ka hoʻomaha lōʻihi, ua mālama ʻia nā ʻahamele a ka mea hoʻokani piano ma kona ʻāina hānau ma Chile, hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua o kona loaʻa ʻana i ka makana no ka National Arts Prize.

Ua make ʻo Claudio Arrau ma Austria i ka makahiki 1991 a ua kanu ʻia ʻo ia ma kona kūlanakauhale hānau, ʻo Chillan.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.