Nā kī i ke ākea o ka lehulehu

Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, kāhāhā ka poʻe ethnographers i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kahua mokulele, nā hale lekiō, a me nā mokulele like ʻole i kūkulu ʻia e nā ʻohana kūloko mai ka ʻohe, ka lāʻau, nā lau, nā kumu waina, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe ma nā mokupuni he nui o ka Moana Pākīpika.

Ua ʻike koke ʻia ka hopena o ia mau hale ʻē. ʻO nā mea a pau e pili ana i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā moʻomeheu ukana. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua kūkulu nā ʻAmelika i nā kahua mokulele ma nā mokupuni e hoʻolako i ka pūʻali koa. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ukana waiwai i nā mokulele: nā lole, nā meaʻai hiki, nā hale lole a me nā mea pono ʻē aʻe, ua hāʻawi ʻia kekahi o ia mau mea i nā kamaʻāina ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokipa ʻana, nā lawelawe alakaʻi, a pēlā aku. ua hoʻomaka lākou e kūkulu i nā mea like o nā kahua mokulele i ka manaʻolana mystical i kēia ala e huki hou ai lākou i ka ukana (ka ukana English - cargo).

ʻOiaʻiʻo, me nā ʻano like a pau me nā kaʻa maoli, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mokulele ʻohe ke lele, loaʻa nā hōʻailona lekiō, a hoʻouna i nā ukana.

ʻO ka "like" wale nō ʻaʻole ia he "like".

ʻO ke ʻano a me ka tonality

Loaʻa nā ʻano like, akā ʻaʻole like, i nā mele.

Eia kekahi lā,ʻo C nui loa kapa ʻia ʻo ka triad a me ke tonality. E like me ke kānāwai, mai ka pōʻaiapili hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ka manaʻo. Eia hou, ka chord ma C nui a me ka leo ma C nui pili pili.

Aia kekahi laʻana o ke akamai. Ki ma C nui и Ionian mode mai a. Inā heluhelu ʻoe i nā puke aʻoaʻo harmony, hoʻokūpaʻa lākou he ʻano mele like ʻole kēia, he tonal kekahi, he modal kekahi. Akā, ʻaʻole maopopo loa i ke ʻano o ka ʻokoʻa, koe wale nō ka inoa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia nā memo 7 like: do, re, mi, fa, paʻakai, la, si.

A kani like loa nā unahi o kēia mau ʻōnaehana mele, ʻoiai inā ʻoe e hoʻohana i nā memo Pythagorean no ke ʻano Ionian, a me nā memo kūlohelohe no ka mea nui:

Kūlohelohe C nui

Ionian mode mai a

Ma ka ʻatikala hope loa, ua loiloi mākou i nā kikoʻī i ke ʻano o nā frets kahiko, me ka Ionian. Aia kēia mau ʻano i ka ʻōnaehana Pythagorean, ʻo ia hoʻi, kūkulu ʻia lākou ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka 2 (octave) a me ka hoʻonui ʻana me 3 (duodecime). Ma kahi o nā multiplicity (PC), ke ʻano Ionian mai i e like me kēia (Fig. 1).

I kēia manawa e ho'āʻo kākou e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka tonality.

ʻO ka mea mua a me ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka tonality, ʻoiaʻiʻo, tonic. He aha ke ʻano o ka tonic? Me he mea lā ua maopopo ka pane: ʻo ka tonic ka memo nui, kahi kikowaena, kahi kuhikuhi no ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa.

E nānā kākou i ke kiʻi mua. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o ka rectangle o ka Ionian fret the note i ʻo ia ka mea nui? Ke ʻae nei mākou ʻaʻole. Ua kūkulu mākou i kēia rectangle mai i, akā hiki iā mākou ke kūkulu iā ia, no ka laʻana, mai F, ua lilo ia i ke ano Lydia (Fig. 2).

I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua loli ka memo i kūkulu ai mākou i ka pālākiō, akā ua mau ke ʻano harmonic holoʻokoʻa. Eia kekahi, hiki ke kūkulu ʻia kēia hale mai kekahi leo i loko o ka ʻāpana ʻehā (Fig. 3).

Pehea e loaʻa ai iā mākou ka tonic? Pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻonohonoho i kahi memo, e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea nui?

Ma nā mele modal, loaʻa pinepine ʻia ka "dominance" e nā kūkulu manawa pōkole. ʻO ka memo "main" kani pinepine, hoʻomaka a hoʻopau paha ka hana me ia, hāʻule i nā kuʻi ikaika.

Akā aia kekahi ala harmonic maʻemaʻe e "centralize" i kahi leka.

Inā huki mākou i kahi crosshair (Fig. 4 ma ka hema), a laila loaʻa iā mākou kahi kiko waena.

Ma ka lokahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka loina like, akā ma kahi o kahi crosshair, hoʻohana ʻia kahi hapa o ia mea - ʻo kahi kihi i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka ʻākau a i luna, a i ʻole ke kihi i ka hema a i lalo (Fig. 4 ma ka ʻākau). . Kūkulu ʻia kēlā mau kihi i ka PC a ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻonohonoho pono i ka memo. ʻAʻole ʻike wale ʻia nā inoa o kēia mau kihi i nā mea hoʻokani pila - ʻo lākou nui maoli и ka mea liʻiliʻi (Fig 5).

Ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēlā kihi i kekahi memo ma ka PC, loaʻa iā mākou kahi triad nui a liʻiliʻi paha. ʻO kēia mau hana ʻelua i "centralize" i ka memo. Eia kekahi, he mau kiʻi aniani lākou o kekahi. ʻO kēia mau waiwai i hoʻopaʻa i ka nui a me ka liʻiliʻi i ka hana mele.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i hoʻokahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa: ua kapa ʻia ka triad nui e ka memo, aia pololei ma nā crosshairs, a ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi ma ka memo aia ma ka hema (i hōʻike ʻia i ka pōʻai ma ke kiʻikuhi ma Fig. 5). ʻO ia ka consonance c-oia-g, aia ke kani waena gKāhea ʻia C liʻiliʻi ma ka memo ma ke kukuna hema. No ka pane pololei ʻana i ka makemakika i ka nīnau no ke aha kēia, pono mākou e hoʻohana i nā helu paʻakikī, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka helu ʻana i ke ana o ka consonance o kahi chord. Akā, e ho'āʻo kākou e wehewehe i ka schematically. Ma ka nui, ma nā kaola ʻelua - ʻo ka ʻelima a me ke kolu - piʻi mākou "i luna", ʻokoʻa me ka liʻiliʻi, kahi o ka neʻe ʻana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua "lalo". No laila, ʻo ka leo haʻahaʻa i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu nui ʻo ia ke kikowaena, a ma kahi puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ka leo hema. No ka mea, ua kapa ʻia ka chord e ka bass, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka leo haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka inoa o ka mea liʻiliʻi ma ka memo ma nā crosshair, akā ma ka memo ma ka ʻaoʻao hema.

Akā, ke koʻikoʻi nei mākou he mea nui ʻē aʻe ma aneʻi. He mea nui ka Centralization, manaʻo mākou i kēia ʻano hana ma ka nui a me ka liʻiliʻi.

E hoʻomaopopo hoʻi, ʻaʻole like me nā frets kahiko, hoʻohana ka tonality i kahi axis tertian (vertical), ʻo ia ka mea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke "harmonically" i ke kikowaena o ka memo.

Akā no ka nani o kēia mau mele, he 3 mau memo wale nō i loko o ia mau mele, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke haku nui mai nā memo 3. He aha nā manaʻo no ka tonality? A e noʻonoʻo hou mākou mai ka manaʻo o ka lokahi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka PC.

• ʻO ka mea mua, ʻoiai ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻonohonoho i ka memo, ʻaʻole mākou makemake e nalowale i kēia kikowaena. ʻO ia ke ʻano he mea makemake ia e kūkulu i kekahi mea a puni kēia memo ma ke ʻano symmetrical.
• ʻO ka lua, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā kihi no ka chord. He hale hou kēia, ʻaʻole i loko o ka ʻōnaehana Pythagorean. He mea maikaʻi e hana hou i ia mau mea i hoʻomaopopo ka mea hoʻolohe ʻaʻole lākou i ala wale mai, he mea nui kēia no mākou.

Mai kēia mau manaʻoʻelua,ʻo keʻano o ke kūkuluʻana i ke kī penei: pono mākou e hana hou i nā kihi i kohoʻia me ka symmetrically e pili ana i ka memo "waena", a makemakeʻia e hana i kēia ma kahi kokoke i ka hiki (Fig. 6).

ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka hana hou ʻana o nā kihi i ka hihia o kahi mea nui. Kapa ʻia ke kihi waena tonic, hema - subdominant, a me ka pono ke poʻokela. ʻO nā memo ʻehiku i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia mau kihi e hāʻawi i ka unahi o ke kī pili. A ʻo ka hoʻolālā e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka centralization i loaʻa iā mākou i ka chord. E hoʻohālikelike i ke Kiʻi 6 me ke Kiʻi 1 - maanei he hōʻike maopopo o ka ʻokoʻa o ka tonality mai ke ʻano.

ʻO kēia ke kani ʻana o kahi unahi nui, me ka huli TSDT ma ka hopena.

E kūkulu pono ʻia ka mea liʻiliʻi e like me ke kumu like, ʻo ke kihi wale nō me nā kukuna ʻaʻole i luna, akā i lalo (Fig. 7).

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ka loina o ke kūkulu ʻana ua like like me ka mea nui: ʻekolu kihi (subdominant, tonic a dominant), aia i ka symmetrically e pili ana i ke kikowaena.

Hiki iā mākou ke kūkulu i ka hale like ʻaʻole mai kahi memo i, akā mai kekahi mea ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā mākou kahi kī nui a liʻiliʻi paha mai ia mea.

No ka laʻana, e kūkulu kākou i kahi leo he keiki ʻuʻuku ʻoe. Kūkulu mākou i kahi kihi liʻiliʻi mai kou, a laila hoʻohui iʻelua kihi ma ka'ākau a me ka hema, loaʻa iā mākou kēia kiʻi (Fig. 8).

Hōʻike koke ke kiʻi i nā memo i hana i ke kī, ehia nā hōʻailona i loko o ke kī ma ke kī, nā memo i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hui tonic, aia i ka mana, aia i ka subdominant.

Ma ke ala, i ka ninau o ke kī accidentals. Ma ka PC, hōʻike mākou i nā memo āpau he koi, akā inā makemake ʻia, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ke kākau ʻia e like me ka enharmonic e like me nā papa. He aha nā hōʻailona e loaʻa i ke kī?

Hiki ke hoʻoholo maʻalahi kēia. Inā hoʻokomo ʻia kahi memo me ka ʻoi ʻole i ke kī, a laila ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi koi - kākau mākou i kahi enharmonic me kahi pālahalaha ma kahi.

E maʻalahi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia me nā laʻana. ma na kihi ekolu he keiki ʻuʻuku ʻoe (fig.8) ʻaʻole kahi leka c, ʻaʻohe palapala f ʻaʻole i loaʻa, no laila, hiki iā mākou ke kau i nā hōʻailona kī me lākou. Ma ke kī ma kēia ʻano e loaʻa iā mākou nā memo Aia ʻoe ma laila и fi koi, a e oi loa ka tonality.

В C liʻiliʻi (Fig. 7) a me ka palapala g a me ka palapala d aia nō "i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe", no laila, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana iā lākou me nā koi. Ka hopena: i kēia hihia, hoʻololi mākou i nā memo me nā koi i nā memo me nā papa. Ki C liʻiliʻi e hamau.

ʻAno nui a me ka liʻiliʻi

ʻIke nā mea hoʻokani pila ma waho aʻe o ke kūlohelohe aia kekahi mau ʻano kūikawā o ka nui a me ka liʻiliʻi: melodic a me ka harmonic. He mea paʻakikī ke hoʻomanaʻo pono i nā ʻanuʻu e hoʻokiʻekiʻe a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i loko o ia mau kī.

E maʻalahi nā mea a pau inā maopopo iā ʻoe ke ʻano o kēia mau kī, a no kēia mea mākou e huki iā lākou i kahi PC (Fig. 9).

No ke kūkulu ʻana i kēia mau ʻano mea nui a me ka liʻiliʻi, hoʻololi wale mākou i ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka ʻākau mai ka mea nui i ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole. ʻO ia hoʻi, inā he nui a liʻiliʻi paha ka tonality e ke kihi waena, akā ʻo nā mea koʻikoʻi e hoʻoholo i kona ʻano.

Ma ka harmonic major, hoʻololi ke kihi hema (subdominant) i ka liʻiliʻi. I ka harmonic minor, hoʻololi ke kihi ʻākau (dominant) i ka nui.

Ma nā kī melodic, hoʻololi nā kihi ʻelua - ʻelua ʻākau a hema - i ka ʻaoʻao o ke kikowaena.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki iā mākou ke kūkulu i nā ʻano mea nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi mai kekahi memo, ʻo kā lākou harmonic structure, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ʻano o ko lākou nānā ʻana i ka PC, ʻaʻole e loli.

E noʻonoʻo paha ka mea heluhelu heluhelu: hiki iā mākou ke kūkulu i nā kī ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe? Pehea inā hoʻololi ʻoe i ke ʻano o nā kihi? A i ʻole ko lākou symmetry? A pono mākou e kaupalena iā mākou iho i nā ʻōnaehana "symmetrical"?

E pane mākou i kēia mau nīnau ma ka ʻatikala aʻe.

Mea kākau – Roman Oleinikov

Hoʻopuka ka mea kākau i kona mahalo i ka haku mele ʻo Ivan Soshinsky no kāna kōkua ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea leo.