ʻO Martha Mödl (Martha Mödl) |
ʻO Martha Mödl
"No ke aha e pono ai iaʻu kahi lāʻau ʻē aʻe ma ke kahua, inā loaʻa iaʻu ʻo Mrs. X!", - ʻo ia ʻōlelo mai nā lehelehe o ka luna alakaʻi e pili ana i ka mea hoʻomaka mua ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka mea hope. Akā i loko o kā mākou moʻolelo, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1951, ʻo Wieland Wagner ke alakaʻi, a ʻo Mrs X kāna mea laki, ʻo Martha Mödl. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka legitimacy o ke ʻano o ka Bayreuth hou, ma muli o ka noʻonoʻo hou ʻana a me ka "deromanticization" o ka moʻolelo, a luhi i nā huaʻōlelo pau ʻole o ka "Old Man" * ("Kinder, schafft Neues!"), W. Wagner hoʻokuʻu. he hoʻopaʻapaʻa me kahi "lāʻau", e hōʻike ana i kāna ala hou i ka hoʻolālā kahua no nā hana opera.
Ua wehe ʻia ka wā mua ma hope o ke kaua e kahi kahua ʻole o Parsifal, i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i nā ʻili holoholona, nā mahiole kiwi a me nā mea pseudo-realistic ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻāla i nā hui mōʻaukala makemake ʻole. Ua hoʻopiha ʻia me ka mālamalama a me kahi hui o nā mea hoʻokani mele ʻōpio akamai (Mödl, Weber, Windgassen, Uhde, Lākana). I Malaki Mödl, ua loaʻa iā Wieland Wagner kahi hoa ʻuhane. ʻO ke kiʻi o Kundry āna i hana ai, "ma ke ʻano o kona ʻano kanaka (ma ke ʻano o Nabokov) i hōʻike hou ʻia i kona ʻano ʻike ʻole," i lilo i ʻano manifesto no kāna kipi, a ua lilo ʻo Mödl i prototype o kahi hanauna hou o nā mele. .
Me ka nānā a me ka mahalo i ka pololei o ka leo, ua hoʻoikaika mau ʻo ia i ke koʻikoʻi nui nona ka hōʻike ʻana i ka mana nui o ka hana operatic. ʻO kahi mea hana keaka i hānau ʻia ("Northern Callas"), ʻoluʻolu a paʻakikī, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i mālama i kona leo i kekahi manawa, akā ʻo kāna mau wehewehe ʻana i hoʻopoina iā ia e pili ana i ka ʻenehana a hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻopiʻi paʻa loa. ʻAʻole ia he mea kuhi wale ʻo Furtwängler i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "Zauberkasten". "Sorceress", e ʻōlelo mākou. A inā ʻaʻole he wahine kilokilo, pehea lā e hiki ai i kēia wahine kupanaha ke hoʻomau i ke koi ʻia e nā hale keaka o ka honua a hiki i ka paepae o ke kolu o ka millennium? ..
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Nuremberg i ka makahiki 1912. Ua aʻo ʻo ia ma ke kula o nā kaikamahine wahine Pelekane, hoʻokani i ka piano, ʻo ia ka haumāna mua ma ka papa ballet a me ka mea nona ka viola nani, hoʻokani ʻia e ke ʻano. ʻAʻole koke naʻe, pono e poina kēia mau mea a pau. ʻO ka makuakāne o Martha - he mea pena Bohemian, he kanaka lokomaikaʻi a aloha nui ʻia e ia - hoʻokahi lā maikaʻi i nalowale i kahi ala ʻike ʻole, waiho ʻia kāna wahine a me kāna kaikamahine i ka nele a me ka mehameha. Ua hoʻomaka ka hakakā no ke ola. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kula, hoʻomaka ʻo Marta e hana - ma ke ʻano he kākau ʻōlelo mua, a laila ma ke ʻano he helu helu, e hōʻiliʻili i nā pūʻali a me nā kālā i mea e loaʻa ai ka manawa e hīmeni ai i kekahi lā. ʻAʻole loa ʻo ia e hoʻomanaʻo i ka wā Nuremberg o kona ola. Ma nā alanui o ke kūlanakauhale kaulana o Albrecht Dürer a me ka haku mele ʻo Hans Sachs, ma kahi kokoke i ka monastery o St. kahi i hooleiia'i na buke o Heine, Tolstoy, Rolland a me Feuchtwanger. Ua hoʻohuli ʻo "New Meistersingers" iā Nuremberg i Nazi "Mecca", e paʻa ana i kā lākou huakaʻi, nā parades, "nā kaʻaahi lama" a me "Reichspartertags" i loko, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai ka "racial" Nuremberg a me nā kānāwai pupule ʻē aʻe ...
I kēia manawa, e hoʻolohe kāua iā Kundry i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ʻelua (hoʻopaʻa ola o 2) - Ach! — Ah! ʻO Tiefe Nacht! — Wahnsinn! -O! -Wut!-Ach!- Jammer! — Schlaf-Schlaf — tiefer Schlaf! – Tod! .. Ua ʻike ke Akua i nā ʻike i hānau ʻia ai kēia mau leo weliweli mai… Ua ʻaʻa ka lauoho o ka poʻe ʻike maka o ka hana, a ʻo nā mea mele ʻē aʻe, no nā makahiki he ʻumi e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokani i kēia hana.
Me he mea lā e hoʻomaka hou ana ke ola ma Remscheid, kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai iā Martha ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai i kāna noiʻi lōʻihi i ka Nuremberg Conservatory, i hōʻea mai no kahi hoʻokolokolo ma 1942. “Ua ʻimi lākou i kahi mezzo i ka hale keaka ... o ka Eboli aria a ua aponoia! Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au i koʻu noho ʻana ma hope o kahi cafe kokoke i ka Opera, nānā i ka puka makani nui i ka poʻe e hele ana ma mua ... Me he mea lā iaʻu ʻo Remscheid ka Met, a i kēia manawa ua hana wau ma laila ... He hauʻoli ia!
Ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Mödl (ma 31) i kona hoʻomaka ʻana ma ke ʻano he Hansel i ka opera a Humperdinck, ua pahū ʻia ka hale keaka. Ua hoʻomau lākou i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i loko o kahi hale haʻuki no ka manawa pōkole, ʻike ʻia ʻo Cherubino, Azucena a me Mignon i kāna repertoire. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻia nā hana hoʻokani i kēlā me kēia ahiahi, no ka makaʻu i nā hoʻouka kaua. I ka lā, ua koi ʻia nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hana i mua - inā ʻaʻole i uku ʻia nā uku. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Mödl: "Ua hele mai lākou e kiʻi i kahi hana ma Alexanderwerk, kahi hale hana i hana i nā lako kīhini ma mua o ke kaua, a i kēia manawa nā mea kaua. Ua ʻoluʻolu ʻo ke kākau ʻōlelo, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i kā mākou palapala passport, i kona ʻike ʻana he poʻe hana keaka mākou: "ʻAe, mahalo i ke Akua, ua hoʻokō lākou i ka poʻe palaualelo!" Pono kēia hale hana no 7 mahina. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻouka kaua i kēlā me kēia lā, i kēlā me kēia manawa hiki ke lele i ka lewa. Ua lawe pū ʻia mai nā pio kaua Lūkini ma ʻaneʻi… Ua hana pū kekahi wahine Lūkini a me kāna mau keiki ʻelima… ʻehā makahiki wale nō ka muli loa, ua lubricated ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana o nā pūpū me ka aila… ua koi ʻia koʻu makuahine e noi no ka mea ua hānai lākou iā lākou i ka sopa mai nā mea kanu pala. - lawe ka makua kāne i nā meaʻai a pau nona iho a ʻahaʻaina me nā koa Kelemania i nā ahiahi. ʻAʻole au e poina i kēia.
E hoʻopau ana ke kaua, a hele ʻo Martha e "hoʻopio" iā Düsseldorf. Aia i loko o kona mau lima kahi ʻaelike no ka wahi o ka mezzo mua, i hoʻopau ʻia me ka manaʻo o ka Düsseldorf Opera ma hope o kekahi o nā hana a Mignon i ka hale haʻuki Remscheid. Akā i ka hiki ʻana o ka mea mele ʻōpio i ke kūlanakauhale ma ka wāwae, ma ke alahaka lōʻihi loa ma ʻEulopa - Müngstener Brücke - ua pau ka "Reich makahiki hoʻokahi tausani", a ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, aneane luku ʻia i ka honua, ua hālāwai ʻo ia me kahi hou quartermaster - ʻo ia ka mea komunista kaulana a me ka anti-fascist ʻo Wolfgang Langoff, ka mea kākau o Moorsoldaten, ka mea i hoʻi mai nei mai ke pio ʻana mai Swiss. Hāʻawi ʻo Martha iā ia i kahi ʻaelike i hana ʻia i ka wā ma mua a nīnau wiwo ʻole inā he kūpono. "ʻOiaʻiʻo ke hana nei!" wahi a Langoff.
Ua hoʻomaka ka hana maoli me ka hōʻea ʻana o Gustav Grundens i ka hale keaka. He alakaʻi akamai o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, makemake nui ʻo ia i ka opera, a laila hoʻokani ʻo The Marriage of Figaro, Butterfly a me Carmen - ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hana nui ma ka hope iā Mödl. Ma Grundens, ua hele ʻo ia ma ke kula hana maikaʻi loa. "Ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea keaka, a ua ʻoi aku paha ka Beaumarchais iā Le Figaro ma mua o Mozart (he lanakila nui koʻu Cherubino!), akā makemake ʻo ia i nā mele e like me nā mea hoʻokele hou ʻē aʻe - ma laila mai kā lākou mau hewa a pau."
Mai ka makahiki 1945 a hiki i ka makahiki 1947, hīmeni ka mea mele ma Düsseldorf i nā ʻāpana o Dorabella, Octavian a me ka haku mele (Ariadne auf Naxos), ma hope mai ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i ka repertoire, e like me Eboli, Clytemnestra a me Maria (Wozzeck). I ka makahiki 49-50. ua kono ʻia ʻo ia i Covent Garden, kahi āna i hoʻokani ai iā Carmen ma ka papa nui ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. ʻO ka manaʻo punahele a ka mea mele e pili ana i kēia hana ʻo ia - "e noʻonoʻo - ua hoʻomanawanui kekahi wahine Kelemania i ka unuhi ʻana i ka tigress Andalusia ma ka ʻōlelo a Shakespeare!"
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi ka hui pū ʻana me ke alakaʻi ʻo Rennert ma Hamburg. Ma laila, hīmeni ka mea mele iā Leonora no ka manawa mua, a ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ke kuleana o Lady Macbeth ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka Hamburg Opera, ua kamaʻilio ʻia ʻo Marthe Mödl ma ke ʻano he soprano dramatic, a ma ia manawa ua lilo ia i mea laʻa. No Martha pono'ī, he hōʻoia wale kēia i ka mea a kāna kumu conservatory, ʻo Frau Klink-Schneider, i ʻike mua ai. Ua ʻōlelo mau ʻo ia he mea pohihihi iā ia ka leo o kēia kaikamahine, "ʻoi aku ka nui o kona waihoʻoluʻu ma mua o ke ānuenue, ʻokoʻa kona kani ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻokomo i kēlā me kēia ʻano!" No laila hiki ke hoʻololi mālie ʻia. "Ua manaʻo wau ua ikaika a ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o kaʻu "hana" a me kaʻu mau paukū ma ka papa inoa o luna ... ʻAʻole like me nā mele ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaha mau ana, e neʻe ana mai ka mezzo a i ka soprano, ʻaʻole wau i hoʻōki ..." I ka makahiki 1950, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia iā ia iho ma " Consule" Menotti (Magda Sorel), a ma hope o Kundry - mua ma Berlin me Keilbert, a laila ma La Scala me Furtwängler. Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻanuʻu i koe ma mua o ka hui mōʻaukala me Wieland Wagner a me Bayreuth.
Ua ʻimi koke ʻo Wieland Wagner i kahi mele no ke kuleana o Kundry no ka ʻahaʻaina mua ma hope o ke kaua. Ua hālāwai ʻo ia me ka inoa ʻo Martha Mödl ma nā nūpepa e pili ana i kona hele ʻana ma Carmen a me Kanikela, akā ʻike ʻo ia no ka manawa mua ma Hamburg. I loko o kēia lahilahi, maka popoki, kāhāhā artistic a me ka weliweli anu Venus (Tannhäuser), ka mea i ale i ka wela lemona inu i loko o ka overture, ke alakaʻi i ike pono i ka Kundry ana e imi - honua a me ke kanaka. Ua ʻae ʻo Martha e hele mai i Bayreuth no kahi hoʻokolokolo. "Aneane ʻaʻole wau hopohopo - ua pāʻani mua wau i kēia kuleana, ua loaʻa iaʻu nā leo āpau, ʻaʻole wau i noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka kūleʻa i kēia mau makahiki mua ma ke kahua a ʻaʻohe mea kūikawā e hopohopo ai. ʻAe, a ʻaʻole au i ʻike i kekahi mea e pili ana iā Bayreuth, koe wale nō he ʻahaʻaina kaulana ia… Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au he hoʻoilo kēia a ʻaʻole i wela ka hale, ua anuanu loa… Ua hele pū kekahi me aʻu ma kahi piano detuned, akā ua maopopo iaʻu iaʻu iho ʻaʻole ia i pilikia iaʻu… e noho ana ʻo Wagner ma ka hale hoʻokipa. I koʻu pau ʻana, ʻōlelo ʻo ia i hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo - "Ua ʻae ʻia ʻoe."
"Ua wehe ʻo Kundry i nā puka āpau noʻu," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Martha Mödl. No ka aneane iwakālua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua pili pono kona ola me Bayreuth, a ua lilo ia i home kauwela. I ka makahiki 1952, hana ʻo ia iā Isolde me Karajan a i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope ʻo Brunnhilde. Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Martha Mödl i nā wehewehe maikaʻi loa a maikaʻi hoʻi o nā heroine Wagnerian ma mua o Bayreuth - ma Italia a me ʻEnelani, ʻAuseturia a me ʻAmelika, a hoʻokuʻu hope iā lākou mai ka hōʻailona o ka "Third Reich". Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "ka ʻelele honua" a Richard Wagner (i kekahi ʻano, ua kōkua pū nā ʻano hana kumu mua a Wieland Wagner i kēia - ua "hoʻāʻo ʻia" nā hana hou a pau e ia no ka poʻe mele i ka wā o nā hana huakaʻi - no ka laʻana, ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo San Carlo ma Ua lilo ʻo Naples i "lumi kūpono" o Brünnhilde.)
Ma waho aʻe o Wagner, ʻo kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi o ka wā soprano o ka mea mele ʻo Leonora ma Fidelio. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana me Rennert ma Hamburg, ua hīmeni ʻo ia me Karajan ma La Scala a ma 1953 me Furtwängler ma Vienna, akā ʻo kāna hana hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi loa i ka wehe ʻana o ka Vienna State Opera i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma Nowemapa 5, 1955.
Ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kuleana Wagnerian nui ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka leo o Martha. I ka waena o nā makahiki 60, ua ʻike nui ʻia ka ʻāʻī ma ka papa inoa o luna, a me ka hana ʻana o ka hana o ka Nurse ma ka Munich gala premiere o "Women Without a Shadow" (1963), ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻi mālie i ka repertoire o mezzo a me contralto. ʻAʻole kēia he hoʻihoʻi ma lalo o ka hōʻailona o "nā kūlana hāʻawi." Me ka lanakila lanakila, ua hīmeni ʻo ia iā Clytemnestra me Karajan ma ka Salzburg Festival ma 1964-65. Ma kāna wehewehe ʻana, ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻo Clytemnestra ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻino, akā he wahine nāwaliwali, ʻehaʻeha a ʻeha loa. Ua paʻa ka Nurse a me Clytemnestra i kāna repertoire, a i ka makahiki 70 ua hoʻokani ʻo ia iā lākou ma Covent Garden me ka Bavarian Opera.
Ma 1966-67, haʻi aku ʻo Martha Mödl iā Bayreuth, e hoʻokani ana iā Waltrauta a me Frikka (ʻaʻole paha e loaʻa kahi mele ma ka mōʻaukala o ka Ring nāna i hoʻokani iā 3 Brunhilde, Sieglinde, Waltrauta a me Frikka!). ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hale keaka me he mea lā, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke noʻonoʻo. Ua ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻo ia iā Wagner lāua ʻo Strauss, akā he nui nā hana hoihoi ʻē aʻe ma mua i kūpono iā ia e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano o ka makahiki, ka ʻike, a me ke ʻano. I ka "manawa oʻo" o ka noʻonoʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia ke talena o Martha Mödl, kahi mea hoʻokani mele, me ka ikaika hou i nā ʻāpana dramatic a me nā ʻano. ʻO nā hana "Ceremonial" ʻo Grandmothermother Buryya ma Janacek's Enufa (ua ʻike nā mea hoʻohewa i ka leo maʻemaʻe, ʻoiai ka vibrato ikaika!), Leokadiya Begbik ma Weil's The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, Gertrud ma Marschner's Hans Heiling.
Mahalo i ke kālena a me ka hoihoi o kēia mea pena kiʻi, ua kaulana nā mele mele a nā haku mele o kēia wā - "Elizabeth Tudor" na V. Fortner (1972, Berlin, premiere), "Deceit and Love" na G. Einem (1976, Vienna. , premiere), "Baal" F. Cherhi (1981, Salzburg, premiere), A. Reimann's "Ghost Sonata" (1984, Berlin, premiere) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i hāʻawi ʻia iā Mödl i lilo i mea hoʻomaikaʻi nui i kona hele ʻana i ke kahua kilokilo. No laila, no ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2000, ua pau nā hana o "Sonata of Ghosts", kahi i hoʻokani ai ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ka Mummy, ʻaʻole wale me ke kū ʻana - ua holo wikiwiki ka poʻe i ke kahua, apo a honi i kēia moʻolelo ola. I ka makahiki 1992, ma ke ʻano o ka Countess ("Queen of Spades") Mödl, ua ʻōlelo aloha ʻo ia i ka Vienna Opera. I ka makahiki 1997, i ka lohe ʻana ua hoʻoholo ʻo E. Söderström, i ka makahiki 70, e hoʻopau i kāna hoʻomaha kūpono a hoʻokō i ka Countess ma ka Met, ua ʻōlelo ʻakaʻaka ʻo Mödl: “Söderström? He ʻōpiopio loa ʻo ia no kēia kuleana! ", A ma Mei 1999, unexpected rejuvenated ma muli o ka holomua hana i hiki ke poina e pili ana i ka maʻi myopia, Countess-Mödl, i ka makahiki o 87, e lawe hou i ke kahua ma Mannheim! I kēlā manawa, ua komo pū kāna repertoire ʻelua "nannies" - ma "Boris Godunov" ("Komishe Oper") a ma "Three Sisters" na Eötvös (Düsseldorf premiere), a me kahi kuleana ma ka mele "Anatevka".
I kekahi o nā nīnauele ma hope, ua ʻōlelo ka mea mele: "I ka manawa i haʻi mai ai ka makuakāne o Wolfgang Windgassen, ka tenor kaulana iā ia iho:" Martha, inā he 50 pakeneka o ka lehulehu e aloha iā ʻoe, e noʻonoʻo ua hana ʻoe. A ua pololei loa ia. ʻO nā mea a pau aʻu i hoʻokō ai i nā makahiki, ʻaiʻē wale wau i ke aloha o koʻu poʻe hālāwai. E ʻoluʻolu e kākau. A e kākau ʻoe he aloha kēia aloha! …
Marina Demina
'Ōlelo Aʻo: * "The Old Man" - Richard Wagner.
