Pierre Gaviniès |

Pierre Gavinies

ʻO Pierre Gavignier kekahi o nā violinists Farani nui loa o ke kenekulia 1789. Hoʻokomo ʻo Fayol iā ia ma kahi pā me Corelli, Tartini, Punyani a me Viotti, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kiʻi kiʻi biographical iā ia. Hāʻawi ʻo Lionel de la Laurencie i kahi mokuna holoʻokoʻa iā Gavinier ma ka mōʻaukala o ka moʻomeheu violin Farani. Ua kākau ʻia kekahi mau moʻolelo e pili ana iā ia e nā mea noiʻi Farani o nā kenekulia XNUMXth-XNUMXth. ʻO ka hoihoi nui iā Gavigne ʻaʻole ia he pōʻino. He kanaka koʻikoʻi ʻo ia i ka neʻe ʻana o ka Enlightenment i hōʻailona i ka mōʻaukala o ka moʻomeheu Farani i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kāna hana i ka manawa i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka absolutism Farani, ua ʻike ʻo Gavignier i kona hāʻule ʻana i XNUMX.

ʻO kahi hoaaloha o Jean-Jacques Rousseau a me kahi mea hahai i ke akeakamai o ka poʻe encyclopedists, nona nā aʻo i hoʻopau i ke kumu o ka manaʻo o nā aliʻi a kōkua i ka hele ʻana o ka ʻāina i ke kipi, ua lilo ʻo Gavignier i mea hōʻike a komo i nā "hakakā" ikaika ma ka kahua noʻeau, i ulu aʻe i loko o kona ola ʻana mai ka rococo aristocratic koʻikoʻi a hiki i nā opera dramatic Gluck a ʻoi aku - i ka classicism civila heroic o ke au kipi. Ua hele ʻo ia ma ke ala like, me ka pane ʻana i nā mea āpau i holomua a holomua. E hoʻomaka ana me nā hana o ke ʻano koa, ua hōʻea ʻo ia i nā mele sentimentalist o ke ʻano Rousseau, ke keaka a Gluck a me nā mea heroic o ka classicism. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e ka ʻano rationalism o ka poʻe classicists Farani, e like me ka Buquin, "hāʻawi i kahi kiʻi kūikawā i ke mele, he ʻāpana nui o ka makemake nui o ka wā kahiko."

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Pierre Gavignier ma ka lā 11 o Mei, 1728 ma Bordeaux. ʻO kona makuakāne, ʻo Francois Gavinier, he mea hana akamai, a ua ulu maoli ke keiki ma waena o nā mea kani. I ka makahiki 1734, neʻe ka ʻohana i Palika. He 6 makahiki o Pierre ia manawa. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ʻo wai kāna i aʻo ai i ka violin. Hōʻike wale nā ​​palapala i ka makahiki 1741, ua hāʻawi ʻo Gavignier 13 makahiki i ʻelua mau ʻaha mele (ʻo ka lua ma ka lā 8 Kepakemapa) i loko o ke keʻena Concert Spirituel. ʻO Lorancey naʻe, manaʻo kūpono ua hoʻomaka ka ʻoihana mele a Gavignier ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻelua paha ma mua, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia kahi ʻōpio ʻike ʻole e hoʻokani i loko o kahi hale ʻaha mele kaulana. Eia kekahi, i ka ʻaha mele ʻelua, ua pāʻani pū ʻo Gavinier me ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana Farani ʻo L. Abbe (keiki) Leclerc's Sonata no ʻelua violin, ʻo ia kahi hōʻike ʻē aʻe o ke kaulana o ka mea hoʻokani pila. Aia nā leka a Cartier i nā kuhikuhi i hoʻokahi kikoʻī hoihoi: i ka ʻaha mele mua, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Gavignier i kāna hoʻomaka me nā caprices a Locatelli a me ka concerto a F. Geminiani. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Cartier, ʻo ka mea haku mele, aia ma Paris ia manawa, makemake e hāʻawi i ka hana o kēia ʻaha mele iā Gavignier wale nō, ʻoiai ʻo kona ʻōpio.

Ma hope o ka hana 1741, nalowale ka inoa o Gavignier mai ka Concert Spirituel posters a hiki i ka puna o 1748. A laila hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā ʻaha mele me ka hana nui a hiki i 1753. Mai 1753 a hiki i ka pūnāwai o 1759, kahi hoʻomaha hou i ka hana ʻaha mele a ka violinist. hahai. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi o kāna mea kākau moʻolelo ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e haʻalele malū iā Paris ma muli o kekahi ʻano moʻolelo aloha, akā, ma mua o kona haʻalele ʻana i 4 liga, ua hopu ʻia ʻo ia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi makahiki holoʻokoʻa i loko o ka hale paʻahao. ʻAʻole hōʻoia nā haʻawina a Lorancey i kēia moʻolelo, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻole. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nalo pohihihi o kahi violinist mai Paris mai he hōʻoia pololei ʻole ia. Wahi a Laurency, hiki i kēia ke hana ma waena o 1753 a me 1759. ʻO ka manawa mua (1748-1759) i lawe nui ʻia ʻo Gavignier i ka mele mele ʻo Paris. ʻO kāna mau hoa ma ka hana keaka, ʻo ia nā mea hoʻokani nui e like me Pierre Guignon, L. Abbe (keiki), Jean-Baptiste Dupont, ka mea hoʻokani pila ʻo Blavet, ka mea mele ʻo Mademoiselle Fell, a me ia i hoʻokani pinepine ai ʻo Mondonville's Second Concerto for Violin and Voice with Orchestra. Ua lanakila ʻo ia me Gaetano Pugnani, ka mea i hele mai i Paris i ka makahiki 1753. Ma ia manawa hoʻokahi, lohe ʻia kekahi mau leo ​​koʻikoʻi kūʻē iā ia i kēlā manawa. No laila, ma kekahi o nā loiloi o 1752, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia e "hele" e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona mau akamai. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hou o Gavignier ma ke kahua ʻaha mele ma ʻApelila 5, 1759 i hōʻoia i kona kūlana koʻikoʻi i waena o ka poʻe violinists o Farani a me ʻEulopa. Mai kēia manawa, ʻike wale ʻia nā loiloi hoihoi loa e pili ana iā ia; ua hoohalikeia oia me Leclerc, Punyani, Ferrari; ʻO Viotti, ma hope o ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ka pāʻani a Gavignier, kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "French Tartini".

Ua loiloi maikaʻi ʻia kāna mau hana. ʻO ka kaulana kaulana, i mau i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 1759, ua loaʻa iā ia e kāna Romance for Violin, āna i hana ai me ke komo ʻokoʻa. Ua ʻōlelo mua ʻia ʻo Romance ma kahi loiloi o XNUMX, akā ua like ia me kahi pāʻani i lanakila i ke aloha o ka lehulehu: "Ua hana ʻo Monsieur Gavignier i kahi concerto o kāna haku ponoʻī. Ua hoʻolohe ka poʻe hoʻolohe iā ia me ka hāmau loa a pāpālua i kā lākou paʻi ʻana, e noi ana e hana hou i ka Romance. I loko o ka hana a Gavignier o ka wā mua, he nui nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano koa, akā i loko o ka Romance he huli i kēlā ʻano mele i alakaʻi i ka sentimentalism a ala aʻe ma ke ʻano he antithesis o ka mannered sensibility o ka Rococo.

Mai ka makahiki 1760, hoʻomaka ʻo Gavignier e paʻi i kāna mau hana. ʻO ka mua o lākou ka hōʻiliʻili "6 Sonatas for Violin Solo with Bass", i hoʻolaʻa ʻia iā Baron Lyatan, he luna o nā kiaʻi Farani. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ma kahi o nā stanzas kiʻekiʻe a me nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i kēia ʻano hoʻomaka, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Gavignier iā ia iho i ka haʻahaʻa a piha i ka hanohano huna i nā huaʻōlelo: "ʻO kekahi mea o kēia hana e hiki iaʻu ke noʻonoʻo me ka hauʻoli e ʻae ʻoe iā ia i mea hōʻoia koʻu mau manaʻo maoli iā ʻoe." E pili ana i nā palapala a Gavignier, ʻike nā mea hoʻohewa i kona hiki ke hoʻololi mau i ke kumuhana i koho ʻia, e hōʻike ana i nā mea āpau i kahi ʻano hou a hou.

He mea ko'iko'i ma ka makahiki 60, ua loli nui ka makemake o ka po'e malihini hale 'aha mele. ʻO ka hoihoi mua me nā "arias nani" o ke ʻano ʻano Rococo koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi ke hala aku nei, a ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hoihoi nui i nā mele. Ma ka Concert Spirituel, hoʻokani ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻo Balbair i nā concerto a me nā hoʻonohonoho he nui o nā mele mele, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hoʻokani pila ʻo Hochbrücker e hana i kāna unuhi ponoʻī no ka harp o ka lyric minuet Exode, etc. mamao loa mai kahi hope loa.

I ka makahiki 1760, ho'āʻo ʻo Gavinier (hoʻokahi wale nō) e haku no ka hale keaka. Ua kākau ʻo ia i ke mele no Riccoboni ʻekolu hana hoʻomākeʻaka "Imaginary" (“Le Pretendu”). Ua kākau ʻia e pili ana i kāna mele ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he mea hou, ua ʻike ʻia ia e ka ritornellos ikaika, ka hohonu o ka manaʻo i nā trios a me nā quartets, a me nā ʻano piquant i nā arias.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 60, ua koho ʻia nā mea mele kupaianaha ʻo Kaneran, Joliveau a me Dovergne i mau alakaʻi o ka Concert Spirituel. I ko lākou hōʻea ʻana mai, ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka hana o kēia hale ʻahamele. Ke ulu mau nei kahi ʻano hou, i manaʻo ʻia no kahi wā e hiki mai ana - ka symphony. ʻO Gavignier ke poʻo o ka mea hoʻokani pila, ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila o nā violins mua, a ʻo kāna haumāna ʻo Capron - ʻo ka lua. Loaʻa i ka orchestra ka maʻalahi, e like me ka Parisian music magazine Mercury, ʻaʻole pono e hōʻike i ka hoʻomaka o kēlā me kēia ana me ke kakaka i ka wā e pāʻani ana i nā symphonies.

Pono ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻōlelo i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka mea heluhelu hou. Mai ka wā o Lully ma Farani, ʻaʻole wale ma ka opera, akā i loko o ka Concert Spirituel, ua hoʻomalu paʻa ʻia ka orkestra ma ke kuʻi ʻana i ka beat me kahi limahana kūikawā, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo battuta. Ua ola a hiki i ka makahiki 70. Ua kapa ʻia ka mea alakaʻi i ka opera Farani ʻo "batteur de mesure" ma ka opera Farani. Ua paʻa ka leo o ka trampoline i loko o ke keʻena, a ua hāʻawi ka poʻe Parisian ikaika i ka mea alakaʻi keaka i ka inoa kapakapa ʻo "mea ʻoki lāʻau." Ma ke ala, ʻo ka hahau ʻana i ka manawa me ka battuta ka mea i make ai ʻo Lully, ka mea i hōʻeha i kona wāwae me ia, kahi i make ai ke koko. I ke au o Gavignier, ua hoʻomaka ka nalo ʻana o kēia ʻano alakaʻi mele kahiko, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke alakaʻi symphonic. ʻO nā hana o ka mea alakaʻi, ma keʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻomakaʻia e hanaʻia e kahi mea hoʻokani pila - he violinist, nāna i hōʻike i ka hoʻomaka o ka pā me ke kakaka. A i kēia manawa ua maopopo ka huaʻōlelo mai "Mercury". Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e Gavignier lāua ʻo Kapron, ʻaʻole pono nā lālā orkestra e alakaʻi i kahi battuta wale nō, akā e hōʻike pū i ke kuʻi me ke kakaka: ua lilo ka orchestra i kahi hui kūpono.

I ka makahiki 60, aia ʻo Gavinier ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani i ka zenith o ka kaulana. Hoʻomaopopo nā loiloi i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o kāna kani, ka maʻalahi o ke akamai loea. ʻAʻole i emi iki ka mahalo iā Gavignier a ma ke ʻano he haku mele. Eia kekahi, i loko o kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ke ala kiʻekiʻe loa, me ka ʻōpio ʻo Gossec a me Duport, e hoʻolalelale ana i ke ala no ke ʻano maʻamau i nā mele Farani.

ʻO Gossec, Capron, Duport, Gavignier, Boccherini, a me Manfredi, ka poʻe i noho ma Paris i ka makahiki 1768, ua hana lākou i kahi pōʻai kokoke i hui pinepine i loko o ka hale lole o Baron Ernest von Bagge. ʻO ke kiʻi o Baron Bagge he mea hoihoi loa ia. He ʻano maʻamau kēia o ka patron i ke kenekulia XNUMX, nāna i hoʻonohonoho i kahi hale mele ma kona home, kaulana ma Paris. Me ka mana nui i loko o ke kaiāulu a me nā pilina, ua kōkua ʻo ia i nā mea mele makemake nui e kū i ko lākou mau wāwae. ʻO ka salon o ka baron kahi ʻano "hoʻāʻo" kahi e hele ai nā mea hoʻokani i ka "Concert Spirituel". Eia naʻe, ua hoihoi nui ʻia nā mea hoʻokani pila o Parisian iā ia e kāna hoʻonaʻauao encyclopedic. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kahi pōʻai i loko o kāna salona, ​​e ʻālohilohi ana me nā inoa o nā mea hoʻokani pila o Paris. ʻO kekahi kahu ʻē aʻe o nā ʻano like ʻole ʻo ia ka mea panakō Parisian La Poupliniere. Ua pili pū ʻo Gavignier me ia. “Ua lawe ʻo Pupliner iā ia iho i nā ʻaha mele maikaʻi loa i ʻike ʻia i kēlā manawa; ua noho pū nā mea hoʻokani me ia a ua hoʻomākaukau pū i ke kakahiaka, me ke kamahaʻo maikaʻi, kēlā mau symphonies e hana ʻia i ke ahiahi. Ua hoʻokipa ʻia nā mea mele akamai a pau i hele mai mai Italia mai, nā violinists, nā mele a me nā mea mele, ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kona hale, kahi i hānai ʻia ai lākou, a hoʻāʻo nā mea a pau e ʻālohilohi i kāna mau ʻahamele.

I ka makahiki 1763, hui ʻo Gavignier iā Leopold Mozart, ka mea i hōʻea i Paris, ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana loa, ka mea kākau o ke kula kaulana, i unuhi ʻia i nā ʻōlelo ʻEulopa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Mozart iā ia he virtuoso nui. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ke kaulana o Gavignier ma ke ʻano he haku mele ma ka helu o kāna mau hana i hana ʻia. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia lākou i loko o nā papahana e Bert (Malaki 29, 1765, Malaki 11, ʻApelila 4 a me Kepakemapa 24, 1766), ka violinist makapō ʻo Flitzer, Alexander Dön, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻaʻole kēia ʻano kaulana i kahi hanana pinepine.

I ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o Gavinier, kākau ʻo Lorancey he hanohano, ʻoiaʻiʻo, lokomaikaʻi a nele loa i ka noʻonoʻo. Ua hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka mea hope e pili ana i kahi moʻolelo koʻikoʻi ma Paris i ka hopena o nā makahiki 60 e pili ana i ka hana philanthropic a Bachelier. I ka makahiki 1766, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Bachelier e hoʻokumu i kahi kula kiʻi pena kahi e loaʻa ai ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i nā mea hana kiʻi ʻōpio o Paris, ka poʻe ʻaʻohe kumu. Ua komo nui ʻo Gavignier i ka hana ʻana i ke kula. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i 5 mau ʻaha mele i hoʻokipa ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻokani pila; ʻO Legros, Duran, Besozzi, a he mea hoʻokani pila nui. ʻO nā mea i loaʻa mai nā ʻahamele i hele i ke kālā kula. E like me kā "Mercury" i kākau ai, "ua hui nā hoa kiʻi no kēia hana aliʻi." Pono ʻoe e ʻike i nā ʻano i lanakila ma waena o nā mea mele o ke kenekulia XVIII i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka paʻakikī o Gavinier e alakaʻi i kēlā hōʻiliʻili. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua koi ʻo Gavignier i kāna mau hoa hana e lanakila i nā manaʻo hoʻokaʻawale o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka caste mele a hele mai e kōkua i ko lākou mau kaikunāne ma kahi ʻano hana ʻano ʻē.

I ka makahiki 70 mua, ua hana ʻia nā hanana nui i ke ola o Gavignier: ʻo ka make ʻana o kona makuakāne, ka mea i make ma Kepakemapa 27, 1772, a ma hope koke iho - ma Malaki 28, 1773 - a me kona makuahine. I kēia manawa ua hāʻule nā ​​​​pili kālā o ka "Concert Spirituel" a ua koho ʻia ʻo Gavignier, me Le Duc a me Gossec i mau alakaʻi o ke kula. ʻOiai ke kaumaha pilikino, hoʻomaka ʻo Gavinier e hana. Ua loaʻa i nā alakaʻi hou kahi hoʻolimalima maikaʻi mai ke kaona ʻo Parisa a hoʻoikaika i ka haku mele ʻana o ka orchestra. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Gavignier i nā violin mua, ʻo Le Duc ka lua. Ma Malaki 25, 1773, ua mālama ʻia ka ʻahamele mua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ke alakaʻi hou o ka Concert Spirituel.

Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai o kona mau mākua, ua hōʻike hou ʻo Gavignier i kona ʻano ʻano o ka mea lawe kālā a me ke kanaka lokomaikaʻi ʻuhane. ʻO kona makuakāne, he mea hana mea hana, he mea kūʻai nui ma Paris. He nui na bila i hookaa ole ia mai kona poe aie ma na pepa o ka mea i make. Kiola ʻo Gavinier iā lākou i ke ahi. Wahi a ka poʻe o kēia wā, he hana noʻonoʻo kēia, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe ʻaiʻē ʻaʻole wale ka poʻe ʻilihune maoli i paʻakikī i ka uku ʻana i nā bila, akā nā aliʻi waiwai hoʻi i makemake ʻole e uku iā lākou.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 1777, ma hope o ka make ʻana o Le Duc, haʻalele ʻo Gavignier lāua ʻo Gossec i ke alakaʻi o ka Concert Spirituel. Eia naʻe, ua kali ka pilikia kālā nui iā lākou: ma muli o ka hewa o ka mea mele Legros, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka ʻaelike hoʻolimalima me ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Bureau of Paris i 6000 livres, i pili i ka ʻoihana makahiki o ka Concert. ʻO Gavignier, ka mea i ʻike i kēia hoʻoholo he hewa a he hōʻino i hoʻokau ʻia ma luna ona, ua uku aku i nā lālā orkestra i nā mea a pau a lākou e pono ai a hiki i ka pau ʻana o kāna alakaʻi alakaʻi, e hōʻole ana i kāna uku no nā ʻaha mele 5 hope loa. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻomaha ʻo ia me ka ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe mea e ola ai. Ua hoʻopakele ʻia ʻo ia mai ka ʻilihune e ka uku makahiki i manaʻo ʻole ʻia he 1500 livres, i hoʻoili ʻia iā ia e kekahi Madame de la Tour, he mea mahalo nui i kāna talena. Eia naʻe, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka makahiki makahiki i ka makahiki 1789, a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia inā loaʻa iā ia i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke kipi. ʻAʻole paha, no ka mea, ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ka ʻaha mele o ka hale keaka o ka Rue Louvois no ka uku o 800 livres i ka makahiki - ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka liʻiliʻi no kēlā manawa. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻo Gavignier i kona kūlana he mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa a ʻaʻole hoʻi i pau ka naʻau.

Ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani pila o Paris, ua hauʻoli ʻo Gavignier i ka mahalo nui a me ke aloha. I ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kipi, ua hoʻoholo kāna mau haumāna a me kāna mau hoaaloha e hoʻonohonoho i kahi ʻaha mele no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka maestro ʻelemakule a kono i nā mea pena opera no kēia kumu. ʻAʻole hoʻokahi kanaka i hōʻole i ka hana: nā mea mele, nā hula, a hiki i Gardel a me Vestris, hāʻawi i kā lākou lawelawe. Ua hana lākou i kahi papahana nui o ka ʻaha mele, a ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ballet Telemak i manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻolaha e hoʻokani ʻia ka "Romance" kaulana a Gavinier, aia ma nā lehelehe o kēlā me kēia kanaka. He nui loa ka papahana ola o ka ʻahamele. Aia i loko o "Haydn's new symphony", he helu leo ​​a me nā mea kani. Ua hoʻokani ʻia ka symphony ʻahamele no ʻelua violins a me ka hoʻokani pila e nā "Kreutzer brothers" - ʻo Rodolphe kaulana a me kona kaikaina ʻo Jean-Nicolas, he mea hoʻokani pila hoʻi.

I ke kolu o ka makahiki o ka hoololi ana, ua haawi ka Convention i ka nui o ke dala no ka malama ana i na kanaka epekema kaulana a me na mea pena kii o ka repubalika. ʻO Gavignier, a me Monsigny, Puto, Martini, ʻo ia kekahi o ka poʻe penihana o ka pae mua, i uku ʻia i 3000 livres i ka makahiki.

Ma ka lā 18 Brumaire o ka makahiki 8 o ka repubalika (Novema 1793, 1784), ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka National Institute of Music (conservatory e hiki mai ana) ma Paris. ʻO ka Institute, me he mea lā, ua hoʻoili ʻia ke Kula Aliʻi o Singing, i noho ʻia mai ka makahiki 1794. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o XNUMX ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Gavignier i ke kūlana o ke kaukaʻi o ka pāʻani violin. Ua noho ʻo ia ma kēia kūlana a hiki i kona make ʻana. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Gavinier iā ia iho i ke aʻo ʻana me ka ikaika, ʻoiai ʻo kona ʻelemakule, ua loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika e alakaʻi a lilo i ke kiure no ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā makana ma nā hoʻokūkū conservatory.

Ma ke ʻano he violinist, mālama ʻo Gavignier i ka neʻe o ka ʻenehana a hiki i nā lā hope loa. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua haku ʻo ia i ka "24 matine" - nā etudes kaulana, ke aʻo ʻia nei i nā conservatories i kēia lā. Hoʻokani ʻo Gavignier iā lākou i kēlā me kēia lā, akā paʻakikī loa lākou a hiki ke loaʻa i nā violinists wale nō me kahi ʻenehana hoʻomohala loa.

Ua make ʻo Gavignier i ka lā 8 o Kepakemapa, 1800. Ua kanikau ʻo Musical Paris i kēia nalowale. ʻO ka hui hoʻolewa i hele mai e Gossek, Megul, Cherubini, Martini, i hele mai e hāʻawi i kā lākou hoʻomaikaʻi hope i ko lākou hoaaloha i make. Hāʻawi ʻo Gossek i ka hoʻomaikaʻi. Pela i pau ai ke ola o kekahi o na violinists nui loa o ke kenekulia XVIII.

E make ana ʻo Gavignier i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā hoaaloha, nā mea mahalo a me nā haumāna i loko o kona hale haʻahaʻa ma ka Rue Saint-Thomas, kokoke i ka Louvre. Noho ʻo ia ma ka papahele ʻelua ma kahi lumi lumi ʻelua. ʻO nā lako i loko o ke alaloa he ʻeke huakaʻi kahiko (ʻaʻohe), kahi kū mele, nā noho mauʻu, kahi lumi liʻiliʻi; i loko o ka lumi moe he papaʻaina kau ahi, nā ipukukui keleawe, kahi papaʻaina lāʻau kaʻa liʻiliʻi, kahi kākau ʻōlelo, kahi sofa, ʻehā mau noho lima a me nā noho i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Utrecht velvet, a me kahi moena noiʻi maoli: kahi moe kahiko me nā kua ʻelua, uhi ʻia. me ka lole. ʻAʻole i kūʻai ʻia nā waiwai āpau i 75 francs.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kapuahi, aia nō hoʻi kahi keʻena me nā mea like ʻole i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i loko o kahi puʻu - nā kola, nā kāʻei, ʻelua mau medallions me nā kiʻi o Rousseau a me Voltaire, Montaigne's "Experiments", etc. one, gula, me ke kiʻi o Henry. IV, ʻo kekahi me ke kiʻi o Jean-Jacques Rousseau. I loko o ka lumi keʻena i hoʻohana ʻia nā mea waiwai i 49 francs. ʻO ka waiwai nui loa i loko o nā hoʻoilina a pau o Gavignier he violin na Amati, 4 violins a me kahi viola na kona makuakāne.

Hōʻike nā moʻolelo moʻolelo o Gavinier he ʻano kiʻi hoʻohiwahiwa kāna i nā wahine. Me he mea lā ua "noho ʻo ia ma o lākou a ola no lākou." A eia kekahi, ua noho mau ʻo ia i Farani ʻoiaʻiʻo ma kāna ʻano hoʻohiwahiwa i nā wahine. I loko o ke ʻano hoʻomāinoino a me ka ʻino, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hui Farani o nā makahiki ma mua o ke kipi ʻana, ma kahi ʻano ākea ākea, ʻo Gavignier kahi ʻokoʻa. Ua kaulana ʻo ia e ke ʻano haʻaheo a kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe a me ka noʻonoʻo mālamalama i hoʻokokoke aku iā ia i ka poʻe naʻauao o ke au. Ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ma ka hale o Pupliner, ʻo Baron Bagge, me Jean-Jacques Rousseau, kahi i launa pū ai me ia. Ua haʻi ʻo Fayol i kahi mea ʻakaʻaka e pili ana i kēia.

Ua mahalo nui ʻo Rousseau i nā kamaʻilio me ka mea hoʻokani pila. I kekahi lā, ʻōlelo ʻo ia: “E Gavinier, ua ʻike wau makemake ʻoe i nā ʻokiʻoki; Ke kono aku nei au iā ʻoe e ʻono iā lākou. I ka hōʻea ʻana i Rousseau, ʻike ʻo Gavinier iā ia e hoʻomala ana i nā cutlets no ka malihini me kona mau lima ponoʻī. Manaʻo ʻo Laurency ua ʻike maopopo nā kānaka a pau i ka paʻakikī o ka launa pū ʻana me nā kānaka.

ʻO ka huhū nui o Gavinier i kekahi manawa ua hana ʻo ia i mea kūpono ʻole, huhū, hoʻopaʻapaʻa, akā ua uhi ʻia kēia mau mea āpau me ka lokomaikaʻi, ka hanohano, a me ka pane ʻana. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hele mai e kōkua i kēlā me kēia poʻe pilikia a hana ʻole me ka makemake ʻole. He kaʻao kona pane ʻana, a ua ʻike ʻia kona lokomaikaʻi e nā poʻe a puni ona. Ua kōkua ʻo ia i kekahi me ka ʻōlelo aʻo, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe me ke kālā, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me ka hopena o nā ʻaelike waiwai. ʻO kona ʻano – ʻoliʻoli, hāmama, launa pū – ua mau a hiki i kona wā ʻelemakule. ʻAʻole ʻo ia ka ʻōhumu o ka ʻelemakule. Ua hauʻoli maoli ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mea hana kiʻi ʻōpio, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ākea ākea o ka manaʻo, ka manaʻo maikaʻi loa o ka manawa a me nā mea hou i lawe ʻia i kāna kiʻi aloha.

ʻO ia i kēlā me kēia kakahiaka. hoʻolaʻa i ka hoʻonaʻauao; hana pū me nā haumāna me ke ahonui, hoʻomanawanui, hoʻoikaika. Ua hoʻomana nā haumāna iā ia a ʻaʻole i haʻalele i kekahi haʻawina. Ua kākoʻo ʻo ia iā lākou ma nā ʻano āpau, hoʻokumu i ka manaʻoʻiʻo iā ia iho, i ka kūleʻa, i ka wā e hiki mai ana. I kona ʻike ʻana i kahi mea hoʻokani pila, lawe ʻo ia iā ia ma ke ʻano he haumāna, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka paʻakikī iā ia. Ma hope o kona lohe ʻana i ka ʻōpio ʻo Alexander Bush, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kona makuakāne: "He hana mana maoli kēia keiki, a e lilo ʻo ia i kekahi o nā mea pena kiʻi mua o kona manawa. Hana o nua. Makemake au e alakaʻi i kāna mau haʻawina e kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kona akamai mua, a e maʻalahi loa kaʻu hana, no ka mea, ua ʻā ke ahi kapu i loko ona.

ʻAʻole ʻo ia i ʻae e lawe i ka uku mai ka poʻe i hoʻolaʻa iā lākou iho i ke mele. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi mau ʻo ia i ka makemake i nā haumāna ʻilihune ma mua o ka poʻe waiwai, i kekahi manawa āna i hana ai e kali no nā hola a hiki i kona hoʻopau ʻana i nā papa me kekahi mau mea pena kiʻi ʻōpio i nele i ke kālā.

Noʻonoʻo mau ʻo ia i ka haumāna a me kona wā e hiki mai ana, a inā ʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻokani i ka violin, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻololi iā ia i kahi mea kani ʻē aʻe. Nui ka poʻe i mālama maoli ʻia ma kā lākou kālā ponoʻī a hoʻolako mau ʻia i kēlā me kēia mahina me ke kālā. ʻAʻole he mea kupanaha ua lilo kēia kumu i mea hoʻokumu i ke kula holoʻokoʻa o nā violinists. E inoa wale mākou i nā mea nani loa, nona nā inoa i kaulana nui ʻia i ke kenekulia XVIII. ʻO kēia ʻo Capron, Lemierre, Mauriat, Bertom, Pasible, Le Duc (senior), Abbé Robineau, Guerin, Baudron, Imbo.

Ua mahalo ʻia ʻo Gavinier ka mea pena e nā mea hoʻokani pila o Farani. I kona 24 makahiki wale nō, ʻaʻole kākau ʻo L. Daken i nā laina dithyrambic e pili ana iā ia: “He aha nā leo āu e lohe ai! He kakaka! Pehea ka ikaika, ka lokomaikaʻi! ʻO Bapetite iho kēia. Ua hopu ʻo ia i koʻu kino holoʻokoʻa, hauʻoli wau! ʻŌlelo ʻo ia i ka naʻau; ʻōlinolino nā mea a pau ma lalo o kona mau manamana lima. Hoʻokani ʻo ia i nā mele Italia a me Palani me ka maikaʻi like a me ka hilinaʻi. He nani nā cadences! A ʻo kāna noʻonoʻo, hoʻopā a palupalu? Pehea ka lōʻihi o nā lei laurel, ma waho aʻe o nā mea nani loa, i hui pū ʻia e hoʻonani i kēlā ʻano lae ʻōpio? ʻAʻohe mea hiki ʻole iā ia, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohālike i nā mea āpau (ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano āpau - LR). Hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui iā ia iho. Holo mai ʻo Paris a pau e hoʻolohe iā ia a ʻaʻole lawa ka lohe ʻana, ʻoluʻolu loa ʻo ia. E pili ana iā ia, hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo ʻaʻole e kali ke kālena i nā aka o nā makahiki ... "

A eia kekahi loiloi hou, ʻaʻole i emi iki ka dithyrambic: “Ua loaʻa iā Gavinier mai ka hānau ʻana mai nā ʻano a pau i makemake ʻia e ka mea hoʻokani pila: ka ʻono maikaʻi ʻole, ka ʻenehana lima hema a me ke kakaka; Heluhelu maikaʻi ʻo ia mai kahi pepa, me ka maʻalahi maʻalahi e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano āpau, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe kumu kūʻai iā ia e aʻo i nā ʻenehana paʻakikī, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻolimalima lōʻihi i ke aʻo ʻana. Hoʻopili kāna pāʻani i nā ʻano āpau, hoʻopā me ka nani o ka leo, paʻi me ka hana.

E pili ana i ka mana kupaianaha o Gavinier e hana i nā hana paʻakikī loa i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā moʻolelo āpau. I kekahi lā, ua hōʻea kekahi Italia i Paris, ua hoʻoholo e hoʻololi i ka mea hoʻokani pila. Ma kāna hana, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i kona ʻanakala ponoʻī, ʻo ka Marquis N. Ma mua o kahi hui nui i ʻākoakoa i ke ahiahi ma ka Pupliner kālā Parisian, nāna i mālama i kahi orkestra nani, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Marquis e hoʻokani ʻo Gavignier i kahi ʻahamele i kauoha ʻia no kēia kumu. na kekahi haku mele, paʻakikī loa, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kākau hou ʻia ma ke kumu. Ke nānā nei i nā memo, ua noi ʻo Gavignier e hoʻonohonoho hou i ka hana no ka lā aʻe. A laila ua ʻōlelo ʻino ʻo ka marquis ua loiloi ʻo ia i ke noi a ka mea hoʻokani pila "ma ke ʻano he hoʻi hope o ka poʻe e ʻōlelo nei hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokani i nā mele a lākou e hāʻawi ai." ʻO Hurt Gavignier, me ka ʻōlelo ʻole ʻole, ua lawe ʻo ia i ka violin a hoʻokani i ka ʻaha mele me ka kānalua ʻole, me ka ʻole o kahi leo hoʻokahi. Pono ka Marquis e ʻae i ka maikaʻi o ka hana. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu ʻo Gavignier, a huli aʻe i ka poʻe hoʻokani pila me ia, ʻī maila: “E nā keonimana, ua hoʻomaikaʻi mai ʻo Monsieur Marquis iaʻu no ke ʻano o kaʻu hana ʻana i ka concerto nona, akā makemake nui wau i ka manaʻo o Monsieur Marquis i ka wā Ke pāʻani nei au i kēia hana noʻu iho. E hoʻomaka hou!” A hoʻokani ʻo ia i ka concerto ma ke ʻano o kēia, ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua ʻike ʻia ka hana mediocre i kahi kukui hou a hoʻololi ʻia. He hekili o ka paʻipaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lanakila piha o ka mea pena.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hana o Gavinier e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka nani, ka hōʻike a me ka mana o ke kani. Ua kākau kekahi mea hoʻohewa ʻaʻole hiki i nā violinists ʻehā o Paris, nona ka leo ikaika loa, e hoʻokani like ana, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻoi aku ma mua o Gavignier i ka mana kani a ua lanakila ʻo ia i kahi okestra o 50 mau mea kani. Akā ua lanakila ʻo ia i kona mau hoa hou me ke ʻano o ka pāʻani, e koi ana "me he mea lā e ʻōlelo a kanikau i kāna violin." Ua kaulana loa ʻo Gavignier no kāna hana ʻana i nā adagios, nā ʻāpana lohi a me nā melancholic, e like me kā lākou i ʻōlelo ai, i ke ʻano o "mele o ka puʻuwai".

Akā, ʻo ka hapalua o ke aloha, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa loa o ke ʻano hoʻokani o Gavignier pono e ʻike ʻia ʻo ia kona ʻano maʻalahi o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ia ma mua o kona manawa ma kēia ʻano a me he mea lā e nānā i ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, i ka manawa i lilo ai ka "art of artistic impersonation" i mea pono nui o nā mea hana.

ʻO Gavignier naʻe, he keiki ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ia o ke kenekulia ʻumikumamāwalu; ʻO kāna hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻokani i nā haku mele mai nā manawa like ʻole a me nā lāhui he kumu hoʻonaʻauao. Ma muli o ka manaʻo o Rousseau, kaʻana like ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka Encyclopedists, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Gavignier e hoʻololi i kāna mau kumumanaʻo i kāna hana ponoʻī, a ua kōkua ke talena kūlohelohe i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau manaʻo.

ʻO ia ʻo Gavignier - he kanaka Palani ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoluʻolu, nani, naʻauao a me ka naʻauao, nona ka nui o ke kānalua maʻalea, hoʻohenehene, a i ka manawa like, ʻoluʻolu, ʻano, haʻahaʻa, maʻalahi. ʻO ia ka Gavignier nui, ka mea mele a Paris i mahalo ai a haʻaheo no ka hapalua haneli.

L. Raaben