Camille Saint-Saens |

Camille Saint-Saens

Aia ʻo Saint-Saens i kona ʻāina ponoʻī i kahi pōʻai liʻiliʻi o nā ʻelele o ka manaʻo o ka holomua i ke mele. P. Tchaikovsky

Ua hele mua ʻo C. Saint-Saens i ka mōʻaukala ma ke ʻano he haku mele, piano, kumu, alakaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i pau loa ke kālena o kēia ʻano ʻano hoʻonaʻauao honua i nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO Saint-Saens nō hoʻi ka mea kākau o nā puke e pili ana i ke akeakamai, ka palapala, ka pena kiʻi, ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka haku mele a me nā pāʻani, kākau i nā moʻolelo koʻikoʻi a kiʻi i nā caricatures. Ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i lālā o ka French Astronomical Society, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i emi kona ʻike no ka physics, astronomy, archeology a me ka mōʻaukala i ka ʻike o nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe. Ma kāna mau ʻatikala polemical, ua ʻōlelo kūʻē ka mea haku mele i nā palena o nā makemake hoʻomohala, dogmatism, a kākoʻo i ka noiʻi piha ʻana i nā ʻono noʻeau o ka lehulehu. "ʻO ka ʻono o ka lehulehu," wahi a ka mea haku mele, "inā maikaʻi a maʻalahi paha, ʻaʻole ia he mea nui, he alakaʻi makamae loa ia no ka mea pena. Inā he akamai a he talena paha, ma muli o kēia ʻono, hiki iā ia ke hana i nā hana maikaʻi.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Camille Saint-Saens i loko o kahi ʻohana pili i ke kiʻi (kākau kona makuakāne i nā mele, ʻo kona makuahine he mea pena). ʻO ke kālena mele mele a ka mea haku mele i hōʻike ʻia i kona wā kamaliʻi, kahi i lilo ai ʻo ia i ka hanohano o ka "Mozart lua". Mai ka makahiki ʻekolu, ua aʻo mua ka mea haku mele e hoʻokani i ka piano, i ka makahiki 5 ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e haku mele, a mai ka ʻumi ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he piano ʻaha mele. I ka makahiki 1848, komo ʻo Saint-Saens i ka Conservatory o Paris, kahi i puka ai ʻo ia i 3 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ʻo ka mua ma ka papa okana, a laila ma ka papa haku mele. I ka manawa i puka ai ʻo ia mai ka conservatory, ua lilo ʻo Saint-Saens i mea hoʻokani mele makua, ka mea kākau o nā mele he nui, me ka First Symphony, i mahalo nui ʻia e G. Berlioz lāua ʻo C. Gounod. Mai ka makahiki 1853 a hiki i ka makahiki 1877 ua hana ʻo Saint-Saens ma nā hale pule like ʻole ma Paris. Ua lanakila koke kāna ʻano o ka organ improvisation i ka ʻike honua ma ʻEulopa.

He kanaka ikaika ʻole ʻo Saint-Saens, ʻaʻole naʻe i kaupalena ʻia i ka hoʻokani ʻana i ka ʻoka a me ka haku mele. Hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he piano a me ke alakaʻi, hoʻoponopono a hoʻopuka i nā hana a nā haku kahiko, kākau i nā hana theoretical, a lilo ʻo ia i mea hoʻokumu a me nā kumu o ka National Musical Society. I ka makahiki 70. ʻike ʻia nā haku mele ʻana i kēlā me kēia, i hui ʻia e nā poʻe o kēia wā. Aia ma waena o lākou nā mele symphonic ʻO Omphala's Spinning Wheel and Dance of Death, nā keaka ʻo The Yellow Princess, The Silver Bell a me Samesona a me Delilah – kekahi o nā kiʻekiʻe o ka hana a ka haku mele.

Ke haʻalele nei i ka hana ma nā hale pule, hāʻawi ʻo Saint-Saens iā ia iho i ka haku mele. I ka manawa like, hele nui ʻo ia a puni ka honua. Ua koho ʻia ka mea mele kaulana i lālā o ka Institute of France (1881), he kauka hanohano o ke Kulanui o Cambridge (1893), he lālā hanohano o ka lālā o St. Petersburg o ka RMS (1909). Ua loaʻa mau i ke kiʻi o Saint-Saens kahi hoʻokipa maikaʻi ma Rusia, kahi i kipa pinepine ai ka mea haku mele. Ua pili aloha ʻo ia me A. Rubinstein lāua ʻo C. Cui, makemake nui i ka mele a M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, a me nā haku mele Kuchkist. ʻO Saint-Saens ka mea nāna i lawe mai iā Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov clavier mai Rusia a i Farani.

A hiki i ka pau ʻana o kona mau lā, ua ola ʻo Saint-Saens i kahi ola hoʻomohala piha: ua haku ʻo ia, ʻaʻole ʻike i ka luhi, hāʻawi i nā ʻaha mele a huakaʻi, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā moʻolelo. Ua hāʻawi ka mea hoʻokani mele 85 makahiki i kāna mau ʻaha mele hope loa i ʻAukake 1921 ma mua koke o kona make ʻana. I loko o kāna ʻoihana hoʻomohala, hana maikaʻi loa ka mea haku mele ma ke kahua o nā ʻano mea kani, e hāʻawi ana i kahi mua i nā hana ʻaha mele virtuoso. ʻO ia mau hana a Saint-Saëns e like me ka Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso for Violin and Orchestra, the Third Violin Concerto (i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana ʻo P. Sarasata), a ua kaulana ka Cello Concerto. ʻO kēia a me nā hana ʻē aʻe (Organ Symphony, program symphonic poems, 5 piano concerto) i hoʻokomo iā Saint-Saens i waena o nā mea haku mele Farani nui loa. Ua hana ʻo ia i 12 mau opera, ʻo ia ka mea kaulana loa ʻo Samesona lāua ʻo Delila, i kākau ʻia ma kahi moʻolelo Baibala. Ua hana mua ia ma Weimar i alakaʻi ʻia e F. Liszt (1877). Hoʻopiʻi ka mele o ka opera me ka laulā o ka hanu melodic, ka nani o keʻano mele o ke kiʻi kikowaena - Delilah. Wahi a N. Rimsky-Korsakov, ʻo kēia hana ʻo "ka mea maikaʻi loa o ke ʻano operatic."

Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi o Saint-Saens e nā kiʻi o nā mele māmā, ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, akā, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā pathos hanohano a me nā ʻano hauʻoli. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka naʻauao a me ka loiloi e lanakila pinepine ma luna o ka manaʻo i kāna mele. Hoʻohana nui ka haku mele i nā leo o ka moʻolelo a me nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā i kāna haku mele. ʻO nā mele a me nā mele declamatory, nā mele kelepona, ka lokomaikaʻi a me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ka mālamalama o ke kala orchestral, synthesis o nā kumu mele kahiko a me ka poetic-romantic o ka hoʻokumu ʻana - ʻike ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i nā hana maikaʻi loa a Saint-Saens, nāna i kākau i kekahi o nā mea ʻoi loa. ʻaoʻao i ka mōʻaukala o ka moʻomeheu mele honua.

I. Vetlitsyna

No ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana, ua hana ʻo Saint-Saens mai ka wā ʻōpiopio a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke kahua o nā ʻano mea kani. He ākea ka laulā o kāna mau makemake: he haku mele koʻikoʻi, pianist, conductor, witty critic-polemicist, hoihoi ʻo ia i ka palapala, astronomy, zoology, botany, huakaʻi nui, a ma ke kamaʻilio aloha me nā kiʻi mele nui.

Ua ʻike ʻo Berlioz i ka symphony mua o ka Saint-Saens he ʻumikūmāhiku makahiki me nā huaʻōlelo: "Ua ʻike kēia ʻōpio i nā mea āpau, hoʻokahi wale nō mea ʻole ʻo ia - ʻaʻohe ʻike." Ua kākau ʻo Gounod e kau ana ka symphony i kahi kuleana i kāna mea kākau e "lilo i haku nui". Ma muli o nā paʻa o ka pilina pili, ua pili ʻo Saint-Saens me Bizet, Delibes a me kekahi mau mea haku mele Farani. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka "National Society".

I nā makahiki 70, ua kokoke ʻo Saint-Saens iā Liszt, ka mea i mahalo nui i kāna talena, nāna i kōkua i ka hoʻokani ʻana i ka opera ʻo Samesona lāua ʻo Delilah ma Weimar, a mālama mau i kahi hoʻomanaʻo mahalo iā Liszt. Ua kipa pinepine ʻo Saint-Saens iā Rusia, he mau hoaaloha ʻo A. Rubinstein, ma ka manaʻo o ka hope ua kākau ʻo ia i kāna Concerto Piano kaulana ʻelua, makemake nui ʻo ia i ka mele a Glinka, Tchaikovsky, a me nā Kuchkists. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻolauna ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻokani Palani iā ​​Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov clavier.

Ua paʻi ʻia kēlā ʻano ola i nā manaʻo a me nā hālāwai pilikino i ka nui o nā hana a Saint-Saens, a ua hoʻokumu lākou iā lākou iho ma ke kahua ʻaha mele no ka manawa lōʻihi.

ʻO ke akamai o Saint-Saens i ka haku mele ʻana. Loaʻa iā ia ka maʻalahi noʻeau kupaianaha, hoʻololi manuahi ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole, nā ʻano hana hana, i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā ʻano kiʻi, nā kumumanaʻo, a me nā ʻāpana. Ua hakakā ʻo ia i nā palena sectarian o nā pūʻulu hoʻomohala, kūʻē i ka haiki i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea hiki ke hoʻokalakupua o ke mele, a no laila he ʻenemi ia no nā ʻōnaehana hana.

Ke holo nei kēia ʻatikala e like me ke kaula ʻulaʻula ma nā ʻatikala koʻikoʻi a pau o Saint-Saens, kahaha me ka nui o nā paradoxes. Me he mea lā ua kūʻē kūʻē ka mea kākau iā ia iho: "Ua kūʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia kanaka e hoʻololi i kona mau manaʻoʻiʻo," wahi āna. Akā, he ala kēia o ka hoʻokalakala ʻana i ka manaʻo. Hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ʻo Saint-Saens e ka dogmatism i kekahi o kāna mau hōʻikeʻike, inā paha he mahalo no ka poʻe kahiko a mahalo paha! nā ʻano kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Kū ʻo ia no ka laulā o nā hiʻohiʻona nani.

Akā ma hope o ka polemic e waiho ana kahi manaʻo o ka hopohopo koʻikoʻi. "ʻO kā mākou lāhui ʻEulopa hou," i kākau ai ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1913, "ke neʻe nei i mua i kahi ala anti-artistic." Ua koi ʻo Saint-Saëns i ka poʻe haku mele e ʻike pono i nā pono hana noʻeau o kā lākou poʻe hoʻolohe. “ʻO ka ʻono o ka lehulehu, maikaʻi a ʻino paha, ʻaʻole ia he mea nui, he alakaʻi makamae ia no ka mea pena. Inā he akamai a he talena paha, ma muli o kēia ʻono, hiki iā ia ke hana i nā hana maikaʻi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Saint-Saens i ka poʻe ʻōpio e kūʻē i ka hoʻopunipuni wahaheʻe: "Inā makemake ʻoe e lilo i mea, e noho Farani! E lilo ʻoe iā ʻoe iho, no kou manawa a me kou ʻāina. ”…

ʻO nā nīnau e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻāina a me ka democratism o nā mele i hāpai ʻia e Saint-Saens. Akā ʻo ka hoʻonā ʻana o kēia mau pilikia ma ke kumumanaʻo a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua hōʻailona ʻia e kahi kūʻē nui i loko ona: he mea kākoʻo o nā ʻono ʻoniʻoni ʻole, ka nani a me ka lokahi o ke ʻano he mea hōʻoia i ka hiki ke loaʻa i nā mele, Saint-Saens, e hooikaika ana ʻikeʻia hemolele, malama ole i kekahi manawa kaumaha. ʻO ia iho i haʻi e pili ana i kēia ma kāna mau memo e pili ana iā Bizet, kahi āna i kākau ai me ka ʻole o ka ʻawaʻawa: "Ua hahai mākou i nā pahuhopu like ʻole - ʻo ia ke ʻimi mua nei i ka makemake a me ke ola, a ke alualu nei au i ka chimera o ka maʻemaʻe o ke ʻano a me ka hemolele o ke ʻano. ”

ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i kēlā "chimera" i hoʻopilikia i ke ʻano o ka ʻimi hoʻomohala a Saint-Saens, a pinepine ʻo ia i kāna mau hana ua lele ʻo ia ma luna o ka ʻili o ke ola ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hohonu o kā lākou kūʻē. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kahi ʻano olakino i ke ola, i loaʻa iā ia, ʻoiai ke kānalua, ka ʻike honua kanaka, me ke akamai ʻenehana maikaʻi loa, kahi manaʻo kupanaha o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano, ua kōkua ʻo Saint-Saens e hana i nā hana koʻikoʻi.

M. Druskin

Nā haku mele:

Opera (ka huina 11) Me ka ʻokoʻa ʻo Samesona lāua ʻo Delila, ʻo nā lā mua wale nō i hāʻawi ʻia ma nā pale. ʻO ke Kamāliʻiwahine Melemele, mele na Galle (1872) ʻO ka Bele kālā, nā mele na Barbier lāua ʻo Carré (1877) ʻo Samesona lāua ʻo Delilah, nā mele na Lemaire (1866-1877) “Étienne Marcel”, nā mele na Galle (1879) “Henry VIII”, libretto na Detroit a me Sylvester (1883) Proserpina, libretto na Galle (1887) Ascanio, libretto na Galle (1890) Phryne, libretto na Augue de Lassus (1893) “Barbarian”, libretto na Sardu i Gezi (1901) “Elena” ( 1904) "Ancestor" (1906)

Nā mele mele a me nā mele keaka ʻē aʻe Javotte, ballet (1896) Mele no nā hana keaka he nui (me ka pōʻino o Sophocles Antigone, 1893)

Nā hana symphonic Hāʻawi ʻia nā lā o ka haku mele ʻana i loko o nā pale, ʻaʻole i kūlike me nā lā o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā hana i kapa ʻia (no ka laʻana, ua paʻi ʻia ka Second Violin Concerto ma 1879 - iwakāluakūmākahi mau makahiki ma hope o ke kākau ʻia ʻana). Pela no ma ka mahele keena-mea kani. ʻO ka Symphony Es-dur op. 2 (1852) Second Symphony a-moll op. 55 (1859) Third Symphony (“Symphony with Organ”) c-moll op. 78 (1886) “Ka huila wili o Omphal”, symphonic poem op. 31 (1871) "Phaeton", symphonic poem or. 39 (1873) "Hula o ka Make", symphonic poem op. 40 (1874) "Youth of Hercules", symphonic poem op. 50 (1877) "Carnival of the Animals", Great Zoological Fantasy (1886)

aha mele ʻO ka Piano Concerto mua ma D-dur op. 17 (1862) ʻElua Piano Concerto in g-moll op. 22 (1868) ʻEkolu Piano Concerto Es-dur op. 29 (1869) ʻEhā Piano Concerto c-moll op. 44 (1875) "Africa", noʻonoʻo no ka piano a me ka hoʻokani pila, op. 89 (1891) ʻElima Piano Concerto ma F-dur op. 103 (1896) A-dur op. 20 (1859) Introduction and rondo-capriccioso for violin and orchestra op. 28 (1863) ʻElua Violin Concerto C-dur op. 58 (1858) Kolu violin concerto ma h-moll op. 61 (1880) He ʻāpana ʻaha mele no ka violin a me ka hoʻokani pila, op. 62 (1880) Cello Concerto a-moll op. 33 (1872) Allegro appassionato for cello and orchestra, op. 43 (1875)

Nā hana mea kani o ke keʻena Piano quintet a-moll op. 14 (1855) ʻekolu piano piano mua ma F-dur op. 18 (1863) Cello Sonata c-moll op. 32 (1872) Piano quartet B-dur op. 41 (1875) Septet no ka pu, piano, 2 violins, viola, cello and double bass op. 65 (1881) Sonata violin mua ma d-moll, op. 75 (1885) ʻO Capriccio ma nā kumuhana Denemaka a me Lūkini no ka ʻohe, oboe, clarinet a me ka piano op. 79 (1887) Ka lua piano trio ma e-moll op. 92 (1892) ʻElua Violin Sonata Es-dur op. 102 (1896)

Hana leo Ma kahi o 100 mau mele, nā mele leo, nā mele mele, nā hana he nui o nā mele kapu (i waena o lākou: Mass, Christmas Oratorio, Requiem, 20 mau motets a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), oratorios a me nā cantatas ("The Wedding of Prometheus", "The Flood", "Lyre and Harp" a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).

palapala palapala ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻatikala: "Harmony and Melody" (1885), "Portraits and Memoirs" (1900), "Tricks" (1913) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.