Jules Massenet |

ʻO Jules Massenet

Massenet. Elegy (F. Chaliapin / 1931)

ʻAʻole loa i hōʻike ʻo M. Massenet e like me "Werther" i nā ʻano hoʻokalakupua o ke kālena i hoʻolilo iā ia i mea kākau moʻolelo mele o ka ʻuhane wahine. C. Debussy

Auwe pehea nausea Massenet!!! A ʻo ka mea hoʻonāukiuki loa i kēia nausea Manaʻo wau i kekahi mea pili iaʻu. P. Tchaikovsky

Pīhoihoi ʻo Debussy iaʻu ma ka pale ʻana i kēia mea ʻai (Massenet's Manon). I. Stravinsky

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea hoʻokani Palani kahi ʻano Massenet i loko o kona puʻuwai, e like me kēlā me kēia Italia i loaʻa kahi ʻāpana o Verdi a me Puccini. F. Poulenc

ʻO nā manaʻo like ʻole o ka wā! ʻAʻole i loko o lākou ka hakakā wale nō o nā ʻono a me nā manaʻo, akā ʻo ke ʻano kānalua pū kekahi o ka hana a J. Massenet. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o kāna mele ma nā mele, e like me ka mea haku mele ʻo A. Bruno, "e ʻike ʻoe i waena o nā tausani". ʻO ka pinepine, pili lākou i ka huaʻōlelo, no laila ko lākou maʻalahi a me ka hōʻike. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka laina ma waena o ke mele a me ka recitative, a no laila ʻaʻole i māhele ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona opera o Massenet i nā helu pani a me nā ʻāpana "lawelawe" e pili ana iā lākou, e like me ke ʻano o kona mau mua - Ch. Gounod, A. Thomas, F. Halevi. ʻO nā koi o ka hana cross-cutting, musical realism nā koi maoli o ke au. Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Massenet iā lākou ma ke ʻano Farani, ma nā ʻano he nui e hoʻāla hou ana i nā kuʻuna mai JB Lully. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka heluhelu ʻana a Massenet ma luna o ka haʻi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā mea hana ʻino, akā ma ka ʻōlelo noʻeau o kēlā me kēia lā a kahi kanaka maʻalahi. ʻO kēia ka ikaika nui a me ke kumu o nā mele a Massenet, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu o kona hāʻule ʻana i kona huli ʻana i ka pōʻino o ke ʻano maʻamau ("The Sid" e like me P. Corneille). ʻO kahi mele mele i hānau ʻia, kahi mele o nā neʻe pili o ka ʻuhane, hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i nā mele kūikawā i nā kiʻi wahine, lawe pinepine ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana pōʻino a me ka pompous o ka opera "nui". ʻAʻole lawa ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka Opera Comique iā ia, pono ʻo ia e noho aliʻi ma ka Grand Opera, kahi e hana ai ʻo ia i nā hana Meyerbeerian. No laila, ma kahi ʻaha mele a nā mea haku mele like ʻole, ua hoʻohui malū ʻo Massenet mai kāna mau hoa hana i kahi hui keleawe nui i kāna helu a, hoʻohuli i ka poʻe hoʻolohe, ua lilo ia i mea koa o ka lā. Manaʻo ʻo Massenet i kekahi o nā hoʻokō o C. Debussy lāua ʻo M. Ravel (ke ʻano recitative i ka opera, chord highlights, stylization o nā mele Farani mua), akā, e hana like ana me lākou, ke mau nei i loko o nā aesthetics o ke kenekulia XNUMX.

Ua hoʻomaka ka hana mele a Massenet me kona komo ʻana i ka conservatory i ka ʻumi o kona mau makahiki. ʻAʻole liʻuliʻu neʻe ka ʻohana i Chambéry, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā Jules ke hana me ka ʻole o Paris a holo ʻelua mai ka home. ʻO ka lua wale nō ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kūleʻa, akā ua ʻike ke keikikāne he ʻumikumamāhā makahiki i ke ola ʻole o ka bohemia artistic i wehewehe ʻia ma Scenes ... na A. Murger (ka mea āna i ʻike pilikino ai, a me nā prototypes o Schoenard a me Musetta). Ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana i nā makahiki o ka ʻilihune, ma muli o ka hana paʻakikī, loaʻa ʻo Massenet i ka makana Roma Nui, nāna i hāʻawi iā ia i ke kuleana no kahi huakaʻi ʻehā makahiki i Italia. Mai ka ʻāina ʻē mai, hoʻi mai ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1866 me ʻelua francs i loko o kāna ʻeke a me kahi haumāna piano, a laila lilo ʻo ia i wahine nāna. ʻO ka moʻolelo hou aʻe o Massenet kahi kaulahao mau o nā holomua e piʻi mau ana. I ka makahiki 1867, ua hoʻokani ʻia kāna keaka mua, ʻo The Great Aunt, i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai ua loaʻa iā ia kahi mea hoʻopuka paʻa, a ua kūleʻa kāna mau papa mele. A laila hana ʻo Massenet i nā hana ʻoi aʻe a ʻoi aku ka nui: nā keaka ʻo Don Cesar de Bazan (1872), The King of Lahore (1877), ka oratorio-opera Mary Magdalene (1873), nā mele no nā Erinyes na C. Leconte de Lily (1873) me ka "Elegy" kaulana, ua ʻike ʻia ka mele i ka makahiki 1866 ma ke ʻano he ʻumi Piano Pieces - ʻo ka hana mua a Massenet. I ka makahiki 1878, ua lilo ʻo Massenet i polopeka ma ka Paris Conservatory a ua koho ʻia i lālā no ka Institute of France. Aia ʻo ia i waenakonu o ka nānā ʻana o ka lehulehu, hauʻoli i ke aloha o ka lehulehu, ʻike ʻia no kona lokomaikaʻi mau loa. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana a Massenet ʻo ia ka opera Manon (1883) a me Werther (1886), a hiki i kēia lā ke kani nei lākou ma ke kahua o nā hale keaka he nui a puni ka honua. A hiki i ka hopena o kona ola ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻolōʻihi ka haku mele i kāna hana hana: me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomaha iā ia iho a me kāna poʻe hoʻolohe, kākau ʻo ia i ka opera ma hope o ka opera. Piʻi ka mākaukau, akā loli nā manawa, a ʻaʻole i loli kona ʻano. Ke emi nei ka makana hana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala, ʻoiai e hauʻoli mau ana ʻo Massenet i ka mahalo, ka hanohano a me nā hoʻomaikaʻi honua āpau. I loko o kēia mau makahiki, ua kākau ʻia nā opera Thais (1894) me ka Meditation kaulana, The Juggler of Our Lady (1902) a me Don Quixote (1910, ma hope o J. Lorrain), i haku ʻia no F. Chaliapin.

He pāpaʻu ʻo Massenet, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kona ʻenemi mau a me kona hoa hakakā ʻo K. Saint-Saens, "akā ʻaʻole ia he mea nui." “… Pono ʻo Art i nā mea pena o nā ʻano like ʻole… Ua loaʻa iā ia ka leʻaleʻa, ka hiki ke hoʻohiwahiwa a me ka hopohopo, ʻoiai he ʻano pāpaʻu… Ma ka manaʻo, ʻaʻole wau makemake i kēia ʻano mele… Akā pehea ʻoe e pale aku ai ke lohe ʻoe iā Manon ma nā wāwae o de Grieux i loko o ka sacristy o Saint-Sulpice? Pehea e hopu ʻole ʻia ai i ka hohonu o ka ʻuhane e kēia mau uē aloha? Pehea e noʻonoʻo ai a hoʻopaʻa ʻia inā pili ʻoe?

E. Palu

Ua loaʻa iā Massenet ke keiki a ka mea nona ka lua hao hao i kāna mau haʻawina mele mua mai kona makuahine mai; ma Paris Conservatoire ua aʻo ʻo ia me Savard, Lauren, Bazin, Reber a me Thomas. I ka makahiki 1863 ua loaʻa iā ia ka makana Roma. Ma hope o kona hoʻolaʻa ʻana iā ia iho i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, hana ikaika ʻo ia i ka hana keaka. I ka makahiki 1878, ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o The King of Lahore, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i polopeka no ka haku mele ma ka conservatory, kahi kūlana āna i paʻa ai a hiki i 1896, i ka wā i loaʻa ai ka kaulana honua, haʻalele ʻo ia i nā kūlana āpau, me ka luna hoʻomalu o ka Institut de France.

"Ua hoʻomaopopo loa ʻo Massenet iā ia iho, a ʻo ka mea makemake e ʻoki iā ia, ua ʻōlelo malū ʻo ia iā ia ma ke ʻano he haumāna o ka mea kākau mele kaulana ʻo Paul Delmay, ua hoʻomaka i kahi ʻakaʻaka i ka ʻono maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO Massenet, akā naʻe, ua hoʻohālike nui ʻia, ʻoiaʻiʻo… ʻo kāna mau leo ​​like me nā pūliki, a ʻo kāna mau mele me he mau ʻāʻī ʻāwili ʻia… nā hana… Ke haʻi aku nei au, ʻaʻole maopopo iaʻu ke kumu e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka makemake ʻana i nā lede kahiko, nā mea aloha Wagner a me nā wahine cosmopolitan, ma mua o nā lede ʻala ʻaʻole hoʻokani piano maikaʻi loa. ʻO kēia mau ʻōlelo a Debussy, he mea hoʻohenehene, he hōʻailona maikaʻi ia o ka hana a Massenet a me kona koʻikoʻi no ka moʻomeheu Farani.

I ka wā i hana ʻia ai ʻo Manon, ua wehewehe mua nā mea haku mele ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano o ka opera Farani i loko o ke kenekulia. E noʻonoʻo i kā Gounod's Faust (1859), nā Les Troyens a Berlioz i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia (1863), Meyerbeer's The African Woman (1865), Thomas 'Mignon (1866), Bizet's Carmen (1875), Saint-Saens' Samson and Delilah (1877), "The Tales o Hoffmann” na Offenbach (1881), “Lakme” na Delibes (1883). Ma waho aʻe o ka hana opera, ʻo nā hana koʻikoʻi loa a César Franck, i kākau ʻia ma waena o 1880 a me 1886, ka mea i hoʻokani i kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi lewa-mystical lewa i nā mele o ka hopena o ke kenekulia. I ka manawa like, ua aʻo pono ʻo Lalo i ka moʻolelo, a ʻo Debussy, ka mea i loaʻa i ka makana Roma i ka makahiki 1884, ua kokoke loa i ka hoʻokumu hope ʻana o kona ʻano.

E like me nā ʻano kiʻi ʻē aʻe, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka impressionism i ka pena kiʻi, a ua huli nā mea pena kiʻi i ka naturalistic a me ka neoclassical, ka hōʻike hou a me ka dramatic o nā ʻano, e like me Cezanne. ʻO Degas lāua ʻo Renoir i neʻe hou aku i kahi kiʻi kūlohelohe o ke kino kanaka, ʻoiai ʻo Seurat i 1883 i hōʻike i kāna kiʻi pena ʻo "Bathing", kahi i hōʻailona ʻia ai ka hiki ʻole o nā kiʻi i ka huli ʻana i kahi hale palaki hou, he mea hōʻailona paha, akā paʻa a maopopo. . Ke hoʻomaka nei ka hōʻailona e nānā i nā hana mua a Gauguin. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao kūlohelohe (me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hōʻailona ma ka ʻaoʻao pilikanaka), ma kahi ʻē aʻe, ua maopopo loa i kēia manawa i ka palapala, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā moʻolelo o Zola (i ka makahiki 1880 ua puka mai ʻo Nana, he moʻolelo mai ke ola ʻana o ka courtesan). A puni ka mea kākau, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hui e huli i ke kiʻi o kahi mea ʻike ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻike ʻole no ka palapala: ma waena o 1880 a me 1881, koho ʻo Maupassant i kahi hale hoʻokamakama i wahi no kāna mau moʻolelo mai ka hōʻiliʻili "The House of Tellier".

Hiki ke loaʻa maʻalahi kēia mau manaʻo, nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo a pau ma Manon, mahalo i ka mea a ka mea haku mele i hāʻawi ai i kāna haʻawina i ke ʻano o ka opera. Ua ukali ʻia kēia hoʻomaka haunaele e kahi lawelawe lōʻihi i ka opera, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā mea kūpono i nā manawa a pau e hōʻike i ka pono o ka mea haku mele a ʻaʻole i mālama mau ʻia ka lokahi o ka manaʻo hana. ʻO ka hopena, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano kūʻē like ʻole i ka pae o ke ʻano. Ma ka manawa like, e neʻe ana mai verismo a decadence, mai kahi moʻolelo moʻolelo a i ʻole ka moʻolelo exotic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana leo a me kahi orkestra, ʻaʻole i hoʻohilahila ʻo Massenet i kāna poʻe hoʻolohe, inā wale nō e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā mea kani maikaʻi loa. Ma kekahi o kāna mau opera, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole lākou i kūleʻa ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, aia kahi ʻaoʻao poina e ola ana i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa ma waho o ka pōʻaiapili maʻamau. ʻO kēia mau kūlana āpau i hōʻoia i ka holomua nui o Massenet ma ka mākeke discography. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo kāna mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa ka mea a ka mea haku mele i ʻoiaʻiʻo iā ia iho: lyrical a me ke aloha, palupalu a me ke ʻano, e hōʻike ana i kona mahalo i nā ʻāpana o nā mea nui i hui pū me ia, nā mea aloha, ʻaʻole nā ​​​​ʻano ʻē aʻe i ka sophistication. o nā hoʻonā symphonic, hoʻokō ʻia me ka maʻalahi a me ka ʻole o nā palena o ke keiki kula.

G. Marchesi (unuhi e E. Greceanii)

ʻO ka mea kākau o iwakāluakūmālima opera, ʻekolu ballet, nā papa mele kaulana (Neapolitan, Alsatian, Scenes Picturesque) a me nā hana ʻē aʻe he nui ma nā ʻano mele mele a pau, ʻo Massenet kekahi o nā mea haku mele i ʻike ʻole i nā hoʻokolohua koʻikoʻi. ʻO ke kālena nui, ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana akamai a me ke akamai akamai i kōkua iā ia e hoʻokō i ka ʻike lehulehu i nā makahiki 70.

Ua ʻike mua ʻo ia i ka mea i kūpono i kona ʻano; i kona koho ʻana i kāna kumuhana, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i makaʻu e haʻi hou iā ia iho; Ua kākau ʻo ia me ka maʻalahi, me ke kānalua ʻole, a no ka holomua ua mākaukau ʻo ia e hana i kahi kuʻikahi me nā makemake lanakila o ka lehulehu bourgeois.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Jules Massenet ma Mei 12, 1842, i kona wā kamaliʻi ua komo ʻo ia i ka Paris Conservatoire, kahi āna i puka ai i ka makahiki 1863. Ma hope o kona noho ʻana ma kāna laureate no ʻekolu makahiki ma Italia, ua hoʻi ʻo ia i 1866 i Paris. Hoʻomaka ka ʻimi hoʻomau i nā ala e hoʻonani ai. Ua kākau ʻo Massenet i nā keaka a me nā suites no ka orchestra. Akā, ua hōʻike maopopo ʻia kona ʻano pilikino i nā pāʻani leo ("Pastoral Poem", "Poem of Winter", "April Poem", "October Poem", "Love Poem", "Memories Poem"). Ua kākau ʻia kēia mau pāʻani ma lalo o ka mana o Schumann; Hōʻike lākou i ka hale kūʻai kūikawā o ke ʻano leo ariose a Massenet.

I ka makahiki 1873, ua lanakila 'o ia i ka 'ike - 'o ka mua me ke mele no ka pō'ino o Aeschylus "Erinnia" (unuhi manuahi e Leconte de Lisle), a laila - "keaka kapu" "Mary Magdalene", ho'okani 'ia ma ka 'aha mele. Me nā ʻōlelo ʻoluʻolu, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Bizet iā Massenet no kāna kūleʻa: "ʻAʻole i hana kā mākou kula hou i kekahi mea like me kēia. Ua hoʻokuke ʻoe iaʻu i ke kuni, e ke kanaka ʻino! ʻO ʻoe, he mea hoʻokani pila… E pōʻino, ke hoʻopilikia nei ʻoe iaʻu i kekahi mea! ..». "Pono mākou e hoʻolohe i kēia kanaka," i kākau ai ʻo Bizet i kekahi o kāna mau hoaaloha. "E nānā, e hoʻopili ʻo ia iā mākou i ke kāʻei."

Ua ʻike mua ʻo Bizet i ka wā e hiki mai ana: ʻaʻole koke ʻo ia i hoʻopau i kahi ola pōkole, a ʻo Massenet i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana i alakaʻi i ke kūlana ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani mele Farani. ʻO nā makahiki 70 a me 80 nā makahiki ʻoi loa a maikaʻi loa i kāna hana.

ʻO "Mary Magdalene", ka mea i wehe i kēia manawa, ua kokoke loa i ka opera ma mua o ka oratorio, a ʻo ka heroine, he lawehala mihi i manaʻoʻiʻo iā Kristo, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke mele a ka mea haku mele e like me Parisian hou, ua pena ʻia i nā kala like. e like me ka Manon courtesan. Ma kēia hana, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka pōʻai punahele o Massenet o nā kiʻi a me ke ʻano o ka hōʻike.

E hoʻomaka ana me ke keiki Dumas a ma hope o ka Goncourts, kahi hale kiʻi o nā ʻano wahine, ʻoluʻolu a hopohopo, hoʻonaninani a palupalu, ʻoluʻolu a me ka impulsive, i hoʻokumu iā ia iho i ka palapala Farani. Pinepine keia mau mea hoowalewale penitent hewa, "lede o ka hapa honua", moeuhane o ka oluolu o ka hearth ohana, o ka idyllic hauʻoli, akā, haki i loko o ke kaua kū'ē i ka hookamani bourgeois maoli, koi 'ia e haawi moeuhane, mai ka mea aloha, mai. ola… (ʻO kēia ka maʻiʻo o nā puke moʻolelo a me nā pāʻani a ke keiki a Dumas: The Lady of the Camellias (novel – 1848, theatrical staging – 1852), Diana de Liz (1853), The Lady of the Half World (1855); see also the nā moʻolelo o nā kaikunāne Goncourt "Rene Mauprin" (1864), Daudet "Sappho" (1884) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.) Eia naʻe, me ka nānā ʻole i nā ʻāpana, nā wā a me nā ʻāina (ʻoiaʻiʻo a i ʻole fictional), ua hōʻike ʻo Massenet i kahi wahine o kāna pōʻai bourgeois, i hōʻike ʻia i kona honua i loko.

Ua kapa ʻia nā contemporaries ʻo Massenet "ka haku mele o ka ʻuhane wahine."

Ma hope o Gounod, ka mea i hoʻoikaika ikaika iā ia, hiki iā Massenet, me ka ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka hōʻoia ʻana, e koho ʻia i waena o ke "kula o ka noʻonoʻo hopohopo." Akā ʻaʻole like me Gounod hoʻokahi, nāna i hoʻohana i kāna mau hana maikaʻi loa i ʻoi aku ka waiwai a me nā kala like ʻole i hoʻokumu i kahi kumu kumu no ke ola (ʻoi loa ma Faust), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Massenet, elegiac, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo. Ua kokokeʻo ia i ke kiʻi o ka palupalu wahine, ka lokomaikaʻi, ka lokomaikaʻi. E like me kēia, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Massenet i kahi ʻano ariose kanaka, declamatory ma kāna kumu, e hoʻopuka maʻalahi i ka ʻike o ka kikokikona, akā me ka leʻaleʻa loa, a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka "pahū" o nā manaʻo i ʻike ʻia e nā huaʻōlelo o ka hanu melodic ākea:

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻāpana orchestral e ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻopau. ʻO ka manawa pinepine i loko o ia mea e ulu ai ke kumu melodic, e kōkua ana i ka hui ʻana o ka ʻāpana leo intermittent, palupalu a palupalu:

ʻO ke ʻano like e like me ka mea maʻamau o nā keaka a ka poʻe Italia verists (Leoncavallo, Puccini); ʻO kā lākou mau pahū o nā manaʻo i ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aʻe a me ke kuko. Ma Palani, ua lawe ʻia kēia wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻāpana leo e nā mea haku mele o ka hopena o XNUMXth a me nā kenekulia XNUMXth mau makahiki.

Akā hoʻi i ka makahiki 70.

ʻO ka mea i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ua lanakila ʻo Massenet. Hoʻokani pinepine ʻia kāna mau hana ma nā ʻaha mele (Picturesque Scenes, the Phaedra Overture, the Third Orchestral Suite, the Sacred Drama Eve and others), a hoʻokani ʻo Grand Opera i ka opera King Lagorsky (1877, mai ke ola ʻĀina; ). He lanakila hou hou: Ua lei ʻia ʻo Massenet me nā laurels o kahi mea hoʻonaʻauao - i ka makahiki kanakolukumamāono ua lilo ʻo ia i lālā o ka Institute of France a ua kono koke ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kaukaʻi ma ka conservatory.

Eia nō naʻe, ma "King of Lagorsk", a me ka mea i kākau ʻia ma hope "Esclarmonde" (1889), he nui nā mea mai ka hana maʻamau o "grand opera" - kēia ʻano kuʻuna o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Farani i hoʻopau lōʻihi i kāna mau hana kiʻi. Ua ʻike piha ʻo Massenet iā ia iho i kāna mau hana maikaʻi loa - "Manon" (1881-1884) a me "Werther" (1886, i hoʻomaka mua ʻia ma Vienna ma 1892).

No laila, i ka piha ʻana o nā makahiki he kanahākūmālima, ua hoʻokō ʻo Massenet i ka kaulana i makemake ʻia. Akā, e hoʻomau ana i ka hana me ka ikaika like, i loko o nā makahiki he iwakāluakūmālima e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻonui i kona mau manaʻo noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo, akā ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā hopena keaka a me nā ʻano hōʻike āna i hoʻomohala mua ai i nā papa hana operatic. A ʻoiai ua hoʻolako ʻia nā mea mua o kēia mau hana me ka hanohano mau, ua poina pono ka hapa nui o lākou. ʻO nā opera ʻehā e pili ana i ka hoihoi ʻole: "Thais" (1894, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka manaʻo o ka moʻolelo a A. France), ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke ʻano o ka maʻalahi o ke ʻano melodic, e pili ana iā "Manon"; ʻO "Navarreca" (1894) a me "Sappho" (1897), e noʻonoʻo ana i nā mana veristic (ua kākau ʻia ka opera hope ma muli o ka moʻolelo a A. Daudet, ka ʻāpana kokoke i "Lady of the Camellias" na Dumas son, a pēlā ʻo Verdi " La Traviata"; ma "Sappho" nā ʻaoʻao he nui o nā mele hoihoi, ʻoiaʻiʻo); "Don Quixote" (1910), kahi i hoʻokūhoihoi ai ʻo Chaliapin i ka poʻe hālāwai ma ke poʻo inoa.

Ua make ʻo Massenet ma ʻAukake 13, 1912.

No nā makahiki he ʻumikumamāwalu (1878-1896) ua aʻo ʻo ia i kahi papa haku mele ma Paris Conservatoire, e aʻo ana i nā haumāna he nui. Aia ma waena o lākou nā haku mele ʻo Alfred Bruno, Gustave Charpentier, Florent Schmitt, Charles Kouklin, ka mele kahiko o Romania, ʻo George Enescu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i kaulana ma Farani. Akā ʻo ka poʻe i aʻo ʻole me Massenet (no ka laʻana, Debussy) ua hoʻohuli ʻia e kāna ʻano makaʻu hopohopo, maʻalahi i ka expressiveness, ariose-declamatory style leo.

* * *

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka huaʻōlelo lyric-dramatic, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā manaʻo haʻalulu - ʻo ia ka pono o nā keaka a Massenet, i hōʻike maopopo ʻia ma Werther a me Manon. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe ikaika o ke kāne i ka haku mele i ka haʻi ʻana i nā makemake o ke ola, nā kūlana koʻikoʻi, nā ʻano paio, a laila ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, i kekahi manawa i ka ʻono o ka salon, ma kāna mele.

ʻO kēia nā hōʻailona hōʻailona o ka pilikia o ke ʻano pōkole o ka "lyric opera" Farani, i hana ʻia e nā makahiki 60, a i nā makahiki 70 i hoʻopaʻa ikaika ʻia i nā ʻano hou a holomua e hele mai ana mai nā palapala hou, pena, keaka. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia i loko ona nā hiʻohiʻona o ka palena, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna (ma ka ʻatikala i hoʻolaʻa ʻia iā Gounod).

Ua lanakila ke akamai o Bizet i nā palena haiki o ka "lyric opera". ʻO ke dramatizing a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o kāna mau mele mele mua a me ke keaka, ʻoi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka hohonu e noʻonoʻo ana i nā kūʻē o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hiki ʻo ia i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka realism ma Carmen.

Akā, ʻaʻole i noho ka moʻomeheu operatic Farani ma kēia pae, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kāna mau haku koʻikoʻi o nā makahiki hope loa o ke kenekulia 60 i ka mālama ʻole ʻana o Bizet i nā loina i ka hōʻoia ʻana i kā lākou mau manaʻo noʻeau. Mai ka hopena o nā makahiki 1877, ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona reactionary i ka ʻike honua, ua haʻalele ʻo Gounod, ma hope o ka hana ʻana o Faust, Mireil a me Romeo a me Juliet, mai nā kuʻuna aupuni holomua. ʻAʻole ʻo Saint-Saens i hōʻike i ke kūlike o kāna mau ʻimi noʻonoʻo, he eclectic, a ma Samson lāua ʻo Delila (1883) wale nō i loaʻa ai ka mea nui, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i holo pono. I kekahi ʻano, ʻo kekahi mau hoʻokō ma ke kahua o ka opera he ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi: Delibes (Lakme, 1880), Lalo (King of the City of Is, 1886), Chabrier (Gwendoline, XNUMX). Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau hana āpau i nā ʻāpana like ʻole, akā i kā lākou wehewehe mele, ua hele nā ​​mana o ka "grand" a me "lyrical" operas i kekahi degere a i ʻole.

Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Massenet i kona lima ma nā ʻano ʻelua, a ua hoʻāʻo ʻole ʻo ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano obsolete o "grand opera" me nā mele pololei, intelligibility o ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo. ʻO ka hapa nui, ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo ia e ka mea a Gounod i hoʻopaʻa ai ma Faust, nāna i lawelawe iā Massenet ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālike kiʻi hiki ʻole ke hiki.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke ola kaiapili o Farani ma hope o ke kamaʻāina ʻo Paris i hana i nā hana hou no ka poʻe haku mele - pono e hōʻike ʻoi aku i nā hakakā maoli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Bizet iā lākou ma Carmen, akā ua pale ʻo Massenet i kēia. Ua pani ʻo ia iā ia iho ma ke ʻano o ke mele mele, a ua hōʻemi hou i kāna kumuhana. Ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi nui, ʻo ka mea kākau o Manon lāua ʻo Werther, ʻoiaʻiʻo, i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kāna mau hana i nā ʻike a me nā manaʻo o kona mau hoa. Ua pili loa kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana no ka haʻi ʻōlelo mele makaʻu ʻole, i ʻoi aku ka pili me ka ʻuhane o ka wā hou; He mea koʻikoʻi kāna mau hoʻokō ma ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona mele "ma o" o ka opera, a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ka psychological o ka orchestra.

Ma nā makahiki 90, ua pau kēia ʻano punahele o Massenet iā ia iho. Hoʻomaka ka mana o ka Italian operatic verismo (me ka hana a Massenet pono'ī). I kēia mau lā, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā kumuhana hou i ka hale keaka mele Farani. Hōʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻano nā opera a Alfred Bruno (The Dream based on the novel by Zola, 1891; The Siege of the Mill based on Maupassant, 1893, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ʻaʻole i nele nā ​​hiʻohiʻona o ka naturalism, a ʻoi aku ka opera Louise a Charpentier. (1900), ma nā ʻano he nui i kūleʻa, ʻoiai he ʻano pohihihi, lawa ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kiʻi o ke ola Parisian hou.

ʻO ka hana ʻana o Claude Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande i ka makahiki 1902 e wehe i kahi manawa hou i ka moʻomeheu mele a me ke keaka o Farani - lilo ka impressionism i ke ʻano stylistic nui.

M. Druskin

Nā haku mele:

ʻOpera (ka huina 25) Koe nae na opera "Manon" a me "Werther", e haawi wale ia na la o na hana mua ma na brackets. “Kukuhine”, libretto na Adeny lāua ʻo Granvallet (1867) “Ful King's Cup”, libretto na Galle lāua ʻo Blo (1867) “Don Cesar de Bazan”, libretto na d'Ennery, Dumanois a me Chantepie (1872) “King of Lahore” , libretto na Galle (1877) Herodias, libretto na Millet, Gremont and Zamadini (1881) Manon, libretto na Méliac and Gilles (1881-1884) “Werther”, libretto na Blo, Mille and Gartmann (1886, premiere — 1892) “ ʻO ka Sid", ka puke ʻōlelo a d'Ennery, Blo a me Galle (1885) «Ésclarmonde», ʻo ka puke ʻōlelo na Blo lāua ʻo Gremont (1889) ʻO ka mea hoʻokalakupua, ka ʻatikala na Richpin (1891) “Thais”, ʻo Galle (1894) Manon”, libretto na Boyer (1894) “Navarreca”, libretto na Clarty and Ken (1894) Sappho, libretto na Kena and Berneda (1897) Cinderella, libretto na Ken (1899) Griselda, libretto na Sylvester a me Moran (1901) “ ʻO ka Juggler of Our Lady", puke ʻōlelo na Len (1902) Kerub, ʻo ia na Croisset lāua ʻo Ken (1905) ʻo Ariana, ʻo nā mele a Mendes (1906) ʻo Teresa, ʻo nā mele a Clarty (1907) "Vakh" (1910) ʻO Don Quixote, ʻo ka libretto b y Ken (1910) Roma, libretto na Ken (1912) “Amadis” (posthumously) “Cleopatra”, libretto na Payen (posthumously)

Nā hana mele-keaka a me cantata-oratorio ʻO nā mele no ka pōʻino o Aeschylus "Erinnia" (1873) "Mary Magdalene", keaka laʻa Halle (1873) Eve, he hana keaka kapu Halle (1875) Narcissus, kahiko idyll na Collin (1878) "The Immaculate Virgin", ka moʻolelo kapu. o Grandmougins (1880) "Carillon", mimic a hulahula (1892) "Promised Land", oratorio (1900) Dragonfly, ballet (1904) "Spain", ballet (1908)

Nā hana symphonic Pompeii, suite for orchestra (1866) First suite for orchestra (1867) “Hungarian Scenes” (Second suite for orchestra) (1871) “Picturesque Scenes” (1871) Third suite for orchestra (1873) Overture “Phaedra” (1874) “ Nā hiʻohiʻona dramatic e like me Shakespeare" (1875) "Neapolitan Scenes" (1882) "Alsatian scenes" (1882) "Enchanting Scenes" (1883) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe

Eia kekahi, nui nā mele like ʻole no ka piano, ma kahi o 200 romances ("Intimate Songs", "Pastoral Poem", "Poem of Winter", "Poem of Love", "Poem of Memories" a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), hana no ke keʻena mea kani. nā hui.

palapala palapala "ʻO koʻu mau hoʻomanaʻo" (1912)