Degere |

Stufe Kelemania, Tonstufe, Klangstufe; kēkelē Pelekania; degere Farani; ital. grado; kēkelē Lūkini ʻē aʻe

ʻO kahi o ka leo (leo) ma ke ʻano he loulou i ka ʻōnaehana unahi (gamma, tuning, mode, tonality), a me ia leo ponoʻī.

ʻO ka manaʻo o "S." pili i ka manaʻo o ka unahi ma ke ʻano he "alapii" (Italian scala, German Leiter, Tonleiter), ka neʻe ʻana i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻanuʻu, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi hoʻololi koke mai kekahi ʻano (mai kekahi mea) i kekahi ( laʻana, c – d, d – e, e – f). ʻO nā hoʻololi o S. kekahi o nā hōʻike o ka neʻe ʻana, ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ma o kahi hoʻolālā pitch. Set S. no k.-l. ʻōnaehana, hōʻike i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana mai kekahi S. i kekahi; i loko o kēia aia kekahi ʻano like ma waena o nā manaʻo o S. a me ka hana tonal. I ka harmonic. tonality e like me ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā DOS ʻelua. ʻano hoʻonohonoho kani-kiʻekiʻe - poʻo hoʻokahi. a me ka polygon. - ma lalo o ka huaʻōlelo "S." ʻaʻole ia he kani kaʻawale wale nō o ka pālākiō, akā kūkulu pū ʻia ma luna e like me ka mea nui. leo chord ('ōlelo lākou, no ka laʻana, e pili ana i ka leo ʻana i ke kaʻina o nā ʻanuʻu: V - VI). E koho iā S. o kēlā a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻo G. Schenker i kuʻuna. hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā helu Roma i hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻōlelo Arab:

S. chord uhi i kekahi mau. S.-nā kani (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka V9 chord e pili ana i ka 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, a ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana mai kahi "ʻanuʻu kani" i kekahi i loko o hoʻokahi "ʻae komo" ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia he hoʻololi i kāna hana maʻamau, no ka mea, he mea maʻamau ia i nā "ʻanuʻu kani" a pau). I ka harmonic. tonality S. - ke kikowaena kūloko (micromode; no ka laʻana, ma V C. 1 gravitates i 7 i loko o ka nui gravity), subordinate i ka laulā (S. ma ke ano he sublad). ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano maʻamau o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā chords e pili ana me ka manaʻo o "S.-chord", ʻo ke kumu o ia mea ka hōʻike ʻana i ka helu o ka lokahi i ka pūʻulu pālākiō (notation hana, ʻokoʻa me ka notation step, hoʻoholo i ka manaʻo o ka chord i loko o ka logic o ke kaʻina hana harmonic). Ma nā mele ʻEulopa o nā kenekulia 17-19, e pili ana i kahi acoustic 12-step. ʻōnaehana, hoʻomalu diatonic. ma kona kumu (e nānā i ka Diatonic), he nui a me ka liʻiliʻi nā ʻano, akā naʻe, ʻae ʻia ka chromatism. ʻO nā "ʻanuʻu kani" he 12 i hiki i loko o kēia mau ʻano i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i 7 mau mea nui (ma C-dur e pili ana i nā kī keʻokeʻo o ka php.) a me 5 derivatives (hoʻololi ʻia; pili i nā kī ʻeleʻele); he hoololi. ʻO ka chromaticity kahi hanana lua i ka diatonic. kumu (F. Chopin, Etude a-moll op. 25 No 11), a ma muli o ke kumu nui o ka hoʻolālā, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā frets e like me 7-step. Ma ke mele o ka 20th century me ka 7-step, ua hoʻohana pūʻia ka 12-step (natural chromaticism a me kona mauʻano'ē aʻe, no ka laʻana, ma A. Webern's Bagatelles, op. 9, piano trio na EV Denisov). Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻōnaehana 7- a me 12-step, aia kekahi me ka liʻiliʻi o C. (no ka laʻana, pentatonic) a me kahi mea nui (microchromatic mai 24, 36 C.; ma aneʻi hiki ke hana i ka moʻo 12-step. e like me ka mea nui).

Pono e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā manaʻo: S. a me ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka leo (chord). No laila, ma ka ʻōnaehana chromatic C (dur) hiki ke hoʻohana i nā leo ces-heses-as a, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, eis-fis-gis-ais, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole alakaʻi kēia mau leo ​​kikoʻī. he oi aku o ka helu maoli o "kanu kani" o ka chromatic 12-tone. gamma.

E hoʻomaopopo ': Avraamov A., Ma ka triad o ka 2nd degere nui, "Music", 1915, No 205, 213; Glinsky M., Chromatic signs in the music of the future, "RMG", 1915, No 49; Gorkovenko A., Ka manaʻo o kahi pae a me ka pilikia o ka ʻōnaehana, "SM", 1969, No 8; Albersheim G., Die Tonstufe, "Mf", 1963, Jahrg. 16, H. 2. E nana hoi i lit. ma Art. Harmony, Mode, Key, Sound System, Diatonic, Chromatic, Microchromatic, Pentatonic, Scale, Temperament.

ʻO Yu. N. Kholopov