Joseph Haydn |

ʻO Joseph Haydn

He mele maoli kēia! ʻO kēia ka mea e leʻaleʻa ai, ʻo ia ka mea e omo ʻia e nā poʻe a pau e makemake e hoʻoulu i kahi manaʻo mele olakino, kahi ʻono maikaʻi. A. Serov

ʻO ke ala noʻonoʻo o J. Haydn - ka mea haku mele Austrian nui, ka mea kahiko o WA ​​Mozart a me L. Beethoven - ma kahi o kanalima mau makahiki, ua hele i ka palena mōʻaukala o nā kenekulia 1760-XNUMXth, ua uhi i nā pae āpau o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka Viennese. kula kahiko - mai kona hoʻomaka ʻana i XNUMX -s. a hiki i ka lā nui o ka hana a Beethoven i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia hou. ʻO ka ikaika o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala, ka waiwai o ka noʻonoʻo, ka hou o ka ʻike, ka lokahi a me ke ʻano o ke ola i mālama ʻia i loko o ka hana a Haydn a hiki i nā makahiki hope loa o kona ola.

ʻO ke keiki a kahi mea hana kaʻa, ua ʻike ʻo Haydn i kahi hiki ke mele mele. I ka makahiki ʻeono, ua neʻe ʻo ia i Hainburg, hīmeni i ka papa himeni o ka hale pule, aʻo ʻia e hoʻokani i ka violin a me ka harpsichord, a mai 1740 noho ʻo ia ma Vienna, kahi āna i lawelawe ai ma ke ʻano he mele ma ka hale pule o St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna Cathedral). ). Eia naʻe, i loko o ka papa himeni wale nō ka leo o ke keiki i manaʻo nui ʻia - kahi maʻemaʻe treble kakaʻikahi, hāʻawi lākou iā ia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana solo; a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo o ka haku mele i ala ʻia i ka wā kamaliʻi. I ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka leo, ua koi ʻia ʻo Haydn e haʻalele i ka hale pule. ʻO nā makahiki mua o ke ola kūʻokoʻa ma Vienna he mea paʻakikī loa - aiaʻo ia i loko o kaʻilihune, pōloli, auwana me kahi noho mau loa; ʻO kekahi manawa wale nō i loaʻa iā lākou nā haʻawina pilikino a i ʻole ke pāʻani ʻana i ka violin ma kahi hui huakaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai nā loli o ka hopena, ua paʻa ʻo Haydn i kahi ʻano ākea, kahi ʻano ʻakaʻaka ʻaʻole i kumakaia iā ia, a me ke koʻikoʻi o kāna mau makemake ʻoihana - aʻo ʻo ia i ka hana clavier a FE Bach, aʻo kūʻokoʻa i ka counterpoint, kamaʻāina me nā hana. ʻO nā kumu aʻoaʻo Kelemania nui loa, lawe i nā haʻawina haku mele mai N. Porpora, he mea haku mele a me kumu kumu mele ʻItalia kaulana.

I ka makahiki 1759, ua loaʻa iā Haydn kahi o Kapellmeister mai Count I. Mortsin. Ua kākau ʻia nā mea kani mua (symphonies, quartets, clavier sonatas) no kona hale pule. I ka makahiki 1761 i wehe ai ʻo Mortsin i ka hale pule, ua pūlima ʻo Haydn i kahi ʻaelike me P. Esterhazy, ka mōʻī nui loa o Hungarian a me ke kahu o ka ʻoihana. ʻO nā hana a ka hope-kapellmeister, a ma hope o 5 mau makahiki o ke aliʻi aliʻi-kapellmeister, ʻaʻole wale ka haku mele. Pono ʻo Haydn e alakaʻi i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa, mālama pono i ka hale pule, kuleana no ka palekana o nā memo a me nā mea kani, a pēlā aku. Na Esterhazy nā hana a pau a Haydn; ʻAʻohe kuleana o ka haku mele e kākau i nā mele i kauoha ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke haʻalele manuahi i ka waiwai o ke aliʻi. (Noho ʻo Haydn ma nā ʻāina ʻo Esterhazy – Eisenstadt a me Estergaz, e kipa ana i Vienna i kekahi manawa.)

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka nui o nā pōmaikaʻi a, ma luna o nā mea a pau, ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻu aku i kahi orkestra maikaʻi loa i hana i nā hana āpau a ka mea haku mele, a me nā mea pili a me ka palekana home, ua koi ʻo Haydn e ʻae i ka noi a Esterhazy. No kahi kokoke i 30 makahiki, ua noho ʻo Haydn i ka ʻoihana hoʻokolokolo. Ma ke kūlana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ke kauā aliʻi, ua paʻa ʻo ia i kona hanohano, kūʻokoʻa i loko a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana no ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana. Noho mamao mai ka honua aku, me ka aneane ʻole e launa pū me ka honua mele ākea, ua lilo ʻo ia i haku nui loa o ka pae ʻEulopa i kāna lawelawe ʻana me Esterhazy. Ua hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻia nā hana a Haydn ma nā poʻo mele nui.

No laila, i ka waena o 1780s. Ua ʻike ka lehulehu Farani i ʻeono symphonies, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Paris". I ka wā lōʻihi, ua kaumaha nui nā composites i ko lākou kūlana hilinaʻi, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka mehameha.

Hoʻokani ʻia nā ʻano hoʻohiwahiwa a me ka hoʻohaunaele i nā symphonies liʻiliʻi - "Kupapaʻu", "Eha", "Aloha". Nui nā kumu no nā wehewehe like ʻole - autobiographical, humorous, lyric-philosophical - i hāʻawi ʻia e ka hopena o "Farewell" - i loko o kēia Adagio mau loa, haʻalele ka poʻe mele i ka orkestra i kēlā me kēia, a hiki i ʻelua mau violinists e noho ma ke kahua, hoʻopau i ke mele. , mālie a mālie…

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻike ʻoluʻolu a me ka maopopo o ka honua e hoʻomalu mau ana i nā mele a Haydn a i kona ʻano o ke ola. Ua loaʻa iā Haydn nā kumu o ka hauʻoli ma nā wahi āpau - ma ke ʻano, i ke ola o ka poʻe mahiʻai, i kāna hana, i ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā mea aloha. No laila, ʻo ka kamaʻāina me Mozart, ka mea i hōʻea i Vienna i ka makahiki 1781, ua ulu aʻe i kahi hoaaloha maoli. ʻO kēia mau pilina, e pili ana i ka pilina o loko, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka mahalo i kekahi, ua loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o nā haku mele ʻelua.

I ka makahiki 1790, ua hoʻopau ʻo A. Esterhazy, ka hoʻoilina o ke Aliʻi P. Esterhazy i make, i ka hale pule. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Haydn, ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka lawelawe ʻana a paʻa i ka inoa ʻo Kapellmeister wale nō, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e loaʻa i kahi penikala ola e like me ka makemake o ke aliʻi kahiko. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ka manawa e hoʻokō ai i kahi moeʻuhane kahiko - e huakaʻi ma waho o Austria. I ka makahiki 1790 ua hana ʻo Haydn i ʻelua huakaʻi i Lākana (1791-92, 1794-95). ʻO nā symphonies 12 "London" i kākau ʻia ma kēia manawa ua hoʻopau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia ʻano ma ka hana a Haydn, ua ʻae ʻia ka oʻo ʻana o ka symphony classical Viennese (ma mua iki, i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1780, ua puka mai nā symphonies 3 hope loa a Mozart) a noho mau i ka piko. o nā hanana i ka mōʻaukala o nā mele symphonic. Ua hoʻokani ʻia nā symphonies ʻo Lākana ma nā kūlana ʻokoʻa a nani loa no ka mea haku mele. Maʻa ʻo Haydn i ka lewa paʻa o ka hale hoʻokolokolo, ua hana mua ʻo Haydn i nā ʻaha mele lehulehu, ua manaʻo i ka hopena o kahi anaina democratic maʻamau. Aia ma kona lima he mau orkestra nui, e like me ka haku mele ʻana me nā symphony hou. Ua hauʻoli ka lehulehu o ʻEnelani i ka mele a Haydn. Ma Oxford, ua loaʻa iā ia ke poʻo inoa o Doctor of Music. Ma lalo o ka mana o nā oratorio a GF Handel i lohe ʻia ma Lākana, ua hana ʻia 2 secular oratorio - The Creation of the World (1798) a me The Seasons (1801). ʻO kēia mau hana koʻikoʻi, epic-philosophical, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i nā manaʻo kuʻuna o ka nani a me ka lokahi o ke ola, ka lokahi o ke kanaka a me ke ʻano, ua lei maikaʻi i ke ala hoʻokumu o ka haku mele.

ʻO nā makahiki hope loa o ko Haydn ola ʻana ma Vienna a me kona kaona ʻo Gumpendorf. ʻO ka mea haku mele he ʻoliʻoli nō, ʻoluʻolu, ʻoluʻolu a aloha i nā kānaka, hoʻoikaika mau ʻo ia. Ua hala aku la o Haydn i ka wa pilikia, iwaena o na hoouka kaua Napoliona, i ka wa i noho mua ai na koa Farani i ke kapikala o Auseturia. I ka wā o ka hoʻopuni ʻana iā Vienna, ua hōʻoluʻolu ʻo Haydn i kāna poʻe aloha: "Mai makaʻu, e nā keiki, ma kahi o Haydn, ʻaʻohe mea ʻino e hiki mai."

Ua haʻalele ʻo Haydn i kahi hoʻoilina noʻonoʻo nui - ma kahi o 1000 mau hana ma nā ʻano a me nā ʻano āpau i loaʻa i ka mele o ia manawa (symphonies, sonatas, chamber ensembles, concertos, operas, oratorios, masses, songs, etc.). ʻO nā ʻano cyclic nui (104 symphonies, 83 quartets, 52 clavier sonatas) ka mea nui, ka hapa nui o ka hana a ka haku mele, e hoʻoholo i kona wahi mōʻaukala. Ua kākau ʻo P. Tchaikovsky e pili ana i ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā hana a Haydn i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mele mea kani: “Ua hoʻomake ʻo Haydn iā ia iho, inā ʻaʻole ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, a laila ma ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kēlā ʻano maikaʻi, kaulike kūpono o ka sonata a me ka symphony, a Mozart lāua ʻo Beethoven i lawe mai ai. ka pae hope loa o ka piha a me ka nani.

Ua hele lōʻihi ka symphony i ka hana a Haydn: mai nā kumu mua kokoke i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā a me ke keʻena mele (serenade, divertissement, quartet), i nā symphonies "Paris" a me "London", kahi i loaʻa ai nā kānāwai kahiko o ke ʻano. ua hoʻokumu ʻia (ka lākiō a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻāpana o ka pōʻai - sonata Allegro, neʻe mālie, minuet, hope wikiwiki), nā ʻano ʻano o ka thematics a me nā ʻenehana hoʻomohala, a pēlā aku. , i loko o nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola - koʻikoʻi, keaka, lyrical-philosophical, humorous - i lawe ʻia i ka lokahi a me ke kaulike. ʻO ka honua waiwai a paʻakikī o nā symphonies a Haydn he mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana, ka launa pū ʻana, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka mea hoʻolohe. ʻO ke kumu nui o kā lākou ʻōlelo mele, ʻo ia ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā, nā mele a me nā leo hula, i kekahi manawa e ʻaiʻē pololei ʻia mai nā kumu moʻolelo. Hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke kaʻina hana paʻakikī o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka symphonic, ʻike lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona hou, hiki ke hoʻoikaika. ʻO nā ʻano o nā ʻāpana o ka pōʻai symphonic (sonata, variation, rondo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) i hoʻopili ʻia, kūpono ʻia a me nā mea hoʻokalakupua e hoʻonui i ka hoihoi i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomohala manaʻo, hoihoi mau, piha i nā hanana. Ua kōkua ʻo Hayd i nā "pūhāhā" a me nā "pranks" i ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā mele instrumental, ua hoʻokumu i nā hui kūikawā i waena o nā mea hoʻolohe, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā inoa o nā symphonies ("Bear", "Chicken", "Clock", "Hunt", "Kumu kula", etc. . P.). Ke hoʻokumu nei i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ke ʻano, hōʻike pū ʻo Haydn i ka waiwai o nā mea hiki ke hōʻike ʻia, e wehewehe ana i nā ala like ʻole no ka ulu ʻana o ka symphony i nā kenekulia 1790th-XNUMXth. Ma nā symphonies makua a Haydn, ua ho'okumu 'ia ka haku mele kahiko o ka orchestra, me nā pū'ulu o nā mea kani (nā aho, woodwinds, brass, percussion). Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka quartet, kahi e lilo ai nā mea kani āpau (ʻelua violins, viola, cello) i mau lālā piha o ka hui. ʻO ka hoihoi nui ʻo Haydn's clavier sonatas, kahi i pau ʻole ai ka noʻonoʻo o ka haku mele, i kēlā me kēia manawa e wehe i nā koho hou no ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pōʻai, nā ala kumu o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mea. ʻO nā sonatas hope loa i kākau ʻia i nā makahiki XNUMX. ke nānā pono nei i nā mea hiki ke hōʻike i kahi mea kani hou - ka pianoforte.

ʻO kona ola a pau, no Haydn ke kākoʻo nui a me ke kumu mau o ka lokahi o loko, ka maluhia o ka noʻonoʻo a me ke olakino, ua manaʻolana ʻo ia e mau ia no nā mea hoʻolohe e hiki mai ana. "He ʻuʻuku ka poʻe hauʻoli a ʻoluʻolu ma kēia ao," i kākau ai ka mea haku mele he kanahiku makahiki, "ma nā wahi a pau e hoʻopilikia ʻia lākou e ke kaumaha a me nā hopohopo; e lilo ana paha kāu hana i kekahi manawa i kumu e huki ai ke kanaka piha i ka hopohopo a kaumaha i ka ʻoihana i kona maluhia a hoʻomaha no nā minuke.

I. Okhalova

Nui ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o Haydn (24 mau opera). A ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i ka mea haku mele ke kiʻekiʻe o Mozart i kāna hana operatic, he nui nā hana o kēia ʻano ʻano koʻikoʻi a ʻaʻole i nalowale ko lākou pili. ʻO kēia mau mea kaulana loa ʻo Armida (1784), The Soul of a Philosopher, or Orpheus and Eurydice (1791, staged in 1951, Florence); ka mele mele ʻO ka mea mele (1767, na Estergaz, i hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i ka makahiki 1939), The Apothecary (1768); Hoʻopunipuni Infidelity (1773, Estergaz), Lunar Peace (1777), Loyalty Rewarded (1780, Estergaz), ka heroic-comic opera Roland the Paladin (1782, Estergaz). ʻO kekahi o kēia mau opera, ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ka poina ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia me ka lanakila nui i ko mākou manawa (no ka laʻana, Lunar Peace ma 1959 ma The Hague, Loyalty Rewarded ma 1979 ma ka Glyndebourne Festival). ʻO ka mea ʻoliʻoli maoli i ka hana a Haydn ʻo ia ke alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻAmelika ʻo Dorati, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i nā keaka 8 e ka mea haku mele me ka hui o ke keʻena Lausanne. Aia ma waena o lākou ʻo Armida (soloists Norman, KX Anshe, N. Burroughs, Ramy, Philips).

E. Tsoodokov