Pierre Boulez |

ʻO Pierre Boulez

I Malaki 2000, ua piha ʻo Pierre Boulez i 75 mau makahiki. Wahi a kekahi mea hōʻino Pelekane, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻolauleʻa makahiki a me ka leo o ka doxology e hoʻohilahila iā Wagner iā ia iho: "i kahi mea ʻē aʻe paha e kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka mea hoʻōla maoli o ka honua mele."

Ma nā puke wehewehe ʻōlelo a me nā puke wehewehe ʻōlelo, ʻike ʻia ʻo Boulez ma ke ʻano he "mea haku mele Farani a alakaʻi." ʻO ka hapa liona o nā hanohano, ua lilo ʻo Boulez i ke alakaʻi, ʻaʻole i emi kāna hana i nā makahiki. ʻO Boulez ma ke ʻano he haku mele, i nā makahiki he iwakālua i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hana i kekahi mea hou. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka mana o kāna hana ma hope o ke kaua Western.

I ka makahiki 1942-1945, ua aʻo ʻo Boulez me Olivier Messiaen, nona ka papa mele ma ka Paris Conservatory i lilo i "incubator" nui o nā manaʻo avant-garde ma ʻEulopa Komohana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai Nazism (ma hope o Boulez, nā pou ʻē aʻe o ka avant-garde mele - Karlheinz Stockhausen, Yannis Xenakis, Jean Barrake, György Kurtág, Gilbert Ami a me na mea e ae). Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Messiaen iā Boulez i kahi hoihoi kūikawā i nā pilikia o ka rhythm a me ke kala mea kani, i nā moʻomeheu mele non-European, a me ka manaʻo o kahi ʻano i haku ʻia i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa a ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi i kahi hoʻomohala mau. ʻO Rene Leibovitz (1913-1972) ka mea aʻoaʻo ʻelua a Boulez, he mea hoʻokani pila no Polani, he haumāna no Schoenberg a me Webern, he loea kaulana o ka ʻenehana serial ʻumikūmālua leo (dodecaphony); ʻo ka mea hope i apo ʻia e ka poʻe mele ʻōpio ʻEulopa o ka hanauna o Boulez ma ke ʻano he hōʻike maoli, ma ke ʻano he mea kūpono loa i nā dogma o nehinei. Ua aʻo ʻo Boulez i ka ʻenehana serial ma lalo o Leibowitz ma 1945-1946. Ua hoʻomaka koke ʻo ia i kāna hana mua me ka First Piano Sonata (1946) a me ka Sonatina for Flute and Piano (1946), nā hana ma ke ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, i hana ʻia e like me kā Schoenberg recipes. ʻO nā hana mua ʻē aʻe o Boulez ʻo nā cantatas The Wedding Face (1946) a me The Sun of the Waters (1948) (ma nā pauku ʻelua e ka mea haku mele surrealist René Char), ka Second Piano Sonata (1948), The Book for String Quartet ( 1949) - ua hana ʻia ma lalo o ka mana hui o nā kumu ʻelua, a me Debussy a me Webern. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nani o ka haku mele ʻōpio i hōʻike iā ia iho, ʻo ka mea mua, i ke ʻano hoʻomaha ʻole o ke mele, i kona ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka manawa.

I nā makahiki 1950, ua haʻalele ʻo Boulez me ka ʻole o ka Schoenbergian orthodox dodecaphony i aʻo ʻia iā ia e Leibovitz. I loko o kona obituary i ke poo o ka hou Viennese kula, defiantly titled "Schoenberg ua make", ua hai aku ia Schoenberg mele uhuki i ka hope Romanticism a no laila aesthetically irrelevant, a komo i loko o radical hoʻokolohua i loko o ka paakiki "structuring" o nā palena o ke mele. I loko o kāna avant-garde radicalism, ʻo ka ʻōpio ʻo Boulez i kekahi manawa i ʻike maopopo i ka laina o ke kumu: ʻo ka poʻe akamai o nā ʻahaʻaina honua o nā mele o kēia wā ma Donaueschingen, Darmstadt, Warsaw i noho maikaʻi ʻole i nā helu indigestible o kēia manawa e like me "Polyphony. -X” no 18 mea kani (1951) a me ka puke mua o Structures no elua piano (1952/53). Ua hōʻike ʻo Boulez i kāna kūpaʻa ʻole i nā ʻenehana hou no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā mea kani ʻaʻole wale i kāna hana, akā i nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻolaha. No laila, ma kekahi o kāna mau haʻiʻōlelo i ka makahiki 1952, ua hoʻolaha ʻo ia i ka haku mele o kēia wā i manaʻo ʻole i ka pono o ka ʻenehana serial, "ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai." Eia naʻe, ma hope koke iho, ua palupalu kona mau manaʻo ma lalo o ka mana o ka kamaʻāina me ka hana a nā hoa hana ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole naʻe dogmatic - Edgar Varese, Yannis Xenakis, Gyorgy Ligeti; a ma hope iho, hoʻokani ʻo Boulez i kā lākou mele.

Ua ulu aʻe ke ʻano o Boulez ma ke ʻano he haku mele. I ka makahiki 1954, mai lalo mai o kāna peni i puka mai ai "A Hammer without a Master" - he ʻeiwa mau ʻāpana leo-mea kani no contralto, alto flute, xylorimba (xylophone me ka lōʻihi lōʻihi), vibraphone, percussion, guitar a viola i nā huaʻōlelo na René Char. . ʻAʻohe manawa ma The Hammer ma ke ʻano maʻamau; i ka manawa like, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa o ka lole kani o ka hana e ka manaʻo o ka seriality, ka mea e hōʻole i nā ʻano kuʻuna o ka maʻamau a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a hōʻoia i ka waiwai maoli o nā manawa a me nā wahi o ka manawa mele- ākea. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka lewa timbre kū hoʻokahi o ka pōʻaiapuni e ka hui ʻana o kahi leo wahine haʻahaʻa a me nā mea kani kokoke iā ia (alto).

Ma kekahi mau wahi, puka mai nā hopena exotic, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ke kani o ka gamelan kuʻuna Indonesian (percussion orchestra), ka mea kani koto Japanese, a pēlā aku. kūʻē i ke kīʻaha aniani paia. Ua iho ka Hammer ma ka mōʻaukala ʻo ia kekahi o nā helu nani loa, aesthetically uncompromising, exemplary scores mai ka wā kiʻekiʻe o ka "avant-garde nui".

ʻO nā mele hou, ʻoi aku ka mea i kapa ʻia he mele avant-garde, e hoʻohewa pinepine ʻia no kona nele i ke mele. E pili ana iā Boulez, ʻaʻole kūpono kēlā ʻano hōʻino. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hōʻike kūʻokoʻa o kāna mau mele e ka puʻupuʻu maʻalahi a hoʻololi ʻia, ka pale ʻana i nā hana symmetrical a me ka repetitive, nā melismatics waiwai a me ka maʻalahi. Me nā "kūkulu" kūpono a pau, ʻaʻole maloʻo a ola ʻole nā ​​laina melodic o Boulez, akā he plastic a nani hoʻi. ʻO ke ʻano melodic o Boulez, i hana ʻia i loko o nā opuses i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka poetry fanciful o René Char, i kūkulu ʻia ma "Two Improvisations after Mallarmé" no ka soprano, percussion a me nā harp ma nā kikokikona o nā sonnets ʻelua e ka mea hōʻailona Farani (1957). Ma hope mai ua hoʻohui ʻo Boulez i ke kolu o ka improvisation no ka soprano a me ka orchestra (1959), a me kahi neʻe hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka "The Gift" a me kahi hopena orchestral nui me kahi coda leo "The Tomb" (ʻelua i nā mele na Mallarme; 1959-1962) . ʻO ka hopena ʻelima neʻe pōʻai, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Pli selon pli" (e like me ka unuhi ʻia ʻo "Fold by Fold") a me ke poʻo inoa ʻo "Portrait of Mallarme", i hana mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1962. ʻO ke ʻano o ke poʻo inoa ma kēia pōʻaiapili e like me kēia: ka ʻO ka pale i hoʻolei ʻia ma luna o ke kiʻi o ka mea haku mele me ka mālie, e ʻoluʻolu i ka pā, e hāʻule i ka wā e wehe ai ke mele. ʻO ka pōʻai ʻo “Pli selon pli”, ka lōʻihi ma kahi o hoʻokahi hola, ʻo ia ka helu nui loa a ka mea haku mele. Kūlike ʻole i ka makemake o ka mea kākau, makemake wau e kapa iā ia he "vocal symphony": pono ia i kēia inoa ʻano, inā wale nō no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻomohala o nā pilina pili mele ma waena o nā ʻāpana a hilinaʻi i kahi kumu hoʻokani ikaika loa.

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ka lewa paʻakikī o ka mele mele a Mallarmé he mea hoihoi loa iā Debussy lāua ʻo Ravel.

Ma hope o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano hōʻailona-impressionist o ka hana a ka mea haku mele ma The Fold, ua nānā ʻo Boulez i kāna hana kupanaha loa - ka puke i paʻi ʻole ʻia ma hope o ka posthumously, kahi "ʻo kēlā me kēia manaʻo he ʻōwili iwi" a ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka "puʻi wale ʻana o nā hōkū", ʻo ia hoʻi, aia nā ʻāpana ʻoniʻoni kūʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole laina laina, akā pili i loko. ʻO ka "Buke" a Mallarmé i hāʻawi iā Boulez i ka manaʻo o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mobile form a i ʻole "work in progress" (ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania - "work in progress"). ʻO ka ʻike mua loa o kēia ʻano ma ka hana a Boulez ʻo ia ke Kolu Piano Sonata (1957); Hiki ke hana ʻia kona mau ʻāpana ("formants") a me kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o nā ʻāpana, akā aia kekahi o nā formants ("constellation") ma ke kikowaena. Ua ukali ʻia ka sonata e Figures-Doubles-Prismes for orchestra (1963), Domaines for clarinet a me ʻeono mau pūʻulu mea kani (1961-1968) a me kekahi mau hana ʻē aʻe e nānā mau ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka mea haku mele, no ka mea, ʻo ia ka mea. hiki ole ke hoopau. ʻO kekahi o nā helu Boulez liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa me kahi ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia ka hapalua hola "Ritual" no ka orkestra nui (1975), i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka mea haku mele Italian koʻikoʻi, kumu a me ke alakaʻi ʻo Bruno Maderna (1920-1973).

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna ʻoihana ʻoihana, ua ʻike ʻo Boulez i kahi kālena hoʻonohonoho koʻikoʻi. I ka makahiki 1946, ua lawe ʻo ia i ka pou o ka mea hoʻokani pila o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻo Paris Marigny (Theʻa ^ tre Marigny), i alakaʻi ʻia e ka mea keaka kaulana a me ke alakaʻi ʻo Jean-Louis Barraud. Ma 1954, ma lalo o ka mana o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Boulez, me German Scherkhen a me Piotr Suvchinsky, i ka hui ʻaha mele "Domain musical" ("The Domain of Music"), āna i kuhikuhi ai a hiki i 1967. ʻO kāna pahuhopu ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wā kahiko a nā mele hou, a ua lilo ka Domain Musical chamber orchestra i kumu hoʻohālike no nā hui he nui e hoʻokani mele ana i ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a Boulez, a ma hope o kāna haumāna ʻo Gilbert Amy, ka Domaine Musical orchestra i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā moʻolelo he nui nā hana a nā haku haku hou, mai Schoenberg, Webern a me Varese a Xenakis, ʻo Boulez ponoʻī a me kāna mau hoa.

Mai ka waena o ke kanaono, ua hoʻonui ʻo Boulez i kāna mau hana ma ke ʻano he opera a me ka symphony conductor o ke ʻano "maʻamau", ʻaʻole loea i ka hana o nā mele kahiko a me nā mele hou. No laila, ua emi nui ka huahana o Boulez ma ke ʻano he haku mele, a ma hope o ka "Ritual" ua kū ia no kekahi mau makahiki. ʻO kekahi kumu o kēia, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana alakaʻi, ʻo ia ka hana koʻikoʻi ma ka hui ma Paris o kahi kikowaena nui no nā mele hou - ka Institute of Musical and Acoustic Research, IRCAM. Ma nā hana a IRCAM, ʻo ia ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia ʻo Boulez a hiki i ka makahiki 1992, ʻelua mau kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi: ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mele hou a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana synthesis leo kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hana mua o ka lehulehu o ka institute he pōʻaiapuni o 70 mau mele mele o ke kenekulia 1977 (1992). Ma ke kula, aia kahi hui hoʻokani "Ensemble InterContemporain" ("International Contemporary Music Ensemble"). I nā manawa like ʻole, ua alakaʻi ʻia ka hui e nā alakaʻi ʻokoʻa (mai ka makahiki 1982, ʻo ka Englishman David Robertson), akā ʻo Boulez ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano maʻamau a i ʻole semi-formal artistic director. ʻO ka waihona ʻenehana ʻo IRCAM, kahi i loaʻa i nā lako kani-synthesizing kiʻekiʻe, i loaʻa i nā mea haku mele mai nā wahi a pau o ka honua; Ua hoʻohana ʻo Boulez iā ia i loko o nā opuses, ʻo ka mea koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ʻo "Responsorium" no nā mea kani a me nā leo i hoʻohui ʻia ma ke kamepiula (1990). I ka makahiki XNUMX, ua hoʻokō ʻia kekahi papahana Boulez nui nui ma Palisa - ʻo ka ʻaha mele Cite 'de la musicique, hale hōʻikeʻike a me ka hale hoʻonaʻauao. Manaʻo ka poʻe he nui loa ka mana o Boulez ma nā mele Farani, ʻo kāna IRCAM he ʻano ʻano sectarian i hoʻoulu ʻia i kahi ʻano mele kula i hala lōʻihi i kona pili ʻana i nā ʻāina ʻē. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o ka noho ʻana o Boulez i ke ola mele o Farani e wehewehe i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka poʻe haku mele Farani hou ʻaʻole i pili i ka pōʻai Boulezian, a me nā alakaʻi Farani o ka waena a me ka hanauna ʻōpio, ʻaʻole i hana i kahi ʻoihana paʻa honua. Akā naʻe, ʻo Boulez ka mea kaulana a me ka mana, me ka nānā ʻole i nā hoʻouka kaua, e hoʻomau i kāna hana, a i ʻole, inā makemake ʻoe, e hahai i kāna kulekele.

Inā, ma ke ʻano he mea haku mele a me ke mele, hoʻopuka ʻo Boulez i kahi ʻano paʻakikī iā ia iho, a laila hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo Boulez ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi me ka hilinaʻi piha i kekahi o nā ʻelele nui loa o kēia ʻoihana i ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o kona ola ʻana. ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Boulez kahi hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā, e pili ana i nā pilikia o ka hana ʻenehana ua aʻo ʻia ʻo ia e nā alakaʻi o ka hanauna kahiko i hoʻolaʻa i ke kumu o ke mele hou - ʻo Roger Desormière, Herman Scherchen a me Hans Rosbaud (ma hope o ka mea hoʻokani mua o "The Hammer without a Master" a me nā ʻelua "Improvisations e like me Mallarme"). ʻAʻole like me nā mea alakaʻi "hōkū" ʻē aʻe o kēia lā, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Boulez ma ke ʻano he unuhi ʻōlelo o nā mele hou, ʻo ia hoʻi kāna ponoʻī, a me kāna kumu ʻo Messiaen. ʻO nā papa mele o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua hoʻomalu mua ʻia kāna repertoire e ka mele o Debussy, Schoenberg, Berg, Webern, Stravinsky (Russian period), Varese, Bartok. ʻAʻole i kuhikuhi pinepine ʻia ke koho ʻana iā Boulez ma ka pili pili ʻuhane i kekahi mea kākau a aloha paha i kēia a i kēlā mele, akā ma o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kahi kauoha hoʻonaʻauao. No ka laʻana, ua ʻae ākea ʻo ia i waena o nā hana a Schoenberg aia nā mea āna i makemake ʻole ai, akā manaʻo ʻo ia he kuleana ia e hana ai, no ka mea, ʻike maopopo ʻo ia i kā lākou mōʻaukala a me ka manaʻo. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomanawanui i nā mea kākau a pau, ka mea maʻamau i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā mele mele hou: Ke manaʻo nei ʻo Boulez iā Prokofiev lāua ʻo Hindemith i mea haku mele lua, a ʻo Shostakovich ke kolu o ka helu (ma ke ala, haʻi ʻia e ID. ʻO Glikman i loko o ka puke "Letters to friend" ka moʻolelo o ka honi ʻana o Boulez i ka lima o Shostakovich ma New York he apocryphal; ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paha ʻo Boulez, akā ʻo Leonard Bernstein, he mea aloha kaulana i kēlā mau hana keaka).

ʻO kekahi o nā manawa koʻikoʻi i ka moʻolelo o Boulez ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi ʻo ia ka hana kūleʻa loa o ka opera Wozzeck a Alban Berg ma Paris Opera (1963). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia hana, ʻo Walter Berry a me Isabelle Strauss maikaʻi loa, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e CBS a loaʻa i ka poʻe hoʻolohe o kēia wā ma nā disc Sony Classical. Ma ka hoʻokau ʻana i kahi mea hoʻohiwahiwa, ʻano hou a ʻokoʻa hoʻi no ia manawa, ka opera i loko o ka hale aliʻi o ka conservatism, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka Grand Opera Theatre, ua ʻike ʻo Boulez i kāna manaʻo punahele no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hana hoʻonaʻauao a me nā hana hana hou. Mai kēia wahi, e ʻōlelo paha kekahi, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Boulez i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he Kapellmeister o ke ʻano "maʻamau". I ka makahiki 1966, ua kono ʻo Wieland Wagner, ke moʻopuna a ka mea haku mele, ka luna hoʻokele a me ka manakia i ʻike ʻia no kāna mau manaʻo unorthodox a me nā manaʻo paradoxical pinepine, kono iā Boulez i Bayreuth e alakaʻi iā Parsifal. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ma kahi mākaʻikaʻi o ka hui Bayreuth ma Iapana, ua alakaʻi ʻo Boulez iā Tristan und Isolde (aia he wikiō hoʻopaʻa ʻia o kēia hana me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kāne Wagner o 1960s Birgit Nilsson lāua ʻo Wolfgang Windgassen; Legato Classics LCV 005, 2 VHS; 1967) .

A hiki i ka makahiki 1978, ua hoʻi pinepine ʻo Boulez i Bayreuth e hoʻokani Parsifal, a ʻo ka hopena o kāna ʻoihana Bayreuth ʻo ia ka makahiki (ma ka 100th anniversary o ka premiere) hana ʻo Der Ring des Nibelungen ma 1976; ua hoʻolaha nui ka paʻi honua i kēia hana ʻo "The Ring of the Century". Ma Bayreuth, ua alakaʻi ʻo Boulez i ka tetralogy no nā makahiki ʻehā e hiki mai ana, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kāna mau hana (ma ke kuhikuhi hoʻonāukiuki a Patrice Chereau, ka mea i ʻimi e hoʻololi i ka hana) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā disc a me nā cassette wikiō e Philips (12 CD: 434 421-2 - 434 432-2; 7 VHS: 070407-3; 1981).

Ua hōʻailona ʻia nā kanahiku i ka mōʻaukala o ka opera e kekahi hanana nui i pili pono ai ʻo Boulez: i ka pūnāwai o 1979, ma ke kahua o ka Paris Opera, ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi, ka honua mua o ka piha piha o ka opera Lulu a Berg. (e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ua make ʻo Berg, e waiho ana i ka hapa nui o ke kolu o ka hana o ka opera ma nā kiʻi kiʻi; ʻo ka hana ma kā lākou orchestration, i hiki ke hiki wale ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka wahine kāne make a Berg, ua hoʻokō ʻia e ka mea haku mele a me ke alakaʻi. Friedrich Cerha). Ua hoʻomau ʻia ka hana ʻana a Shero i ke ʻano erotic maʻamau no kēia alakaʻi, akā naʻe, kūpono loa i ka opera a Berg me kāna heroine hypersexual.

Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau hana, ʻo ka repertoire opera a Boulez e pili ana iā Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande, Bartók's Castle of Duke Bluebeard, Schoenberg's Moses and Aaron. ʻO ka nele o Verdi a me Puccini i kēia papa inoa he mea hōʻike, ʻaʻole e haʻi iā Mozart a me Rossini. ʻO Boulez, i nā manawa like ʻole, ua hōʻike pinepine i kona ʻano koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano operatic e like me ia; ʻIke ʻia, he mea ʻē aʻe kekahi mea i loaʻa i nā mea hoʻokele opera hānau maoli i kona ʻano kiʻi. Hoʻopuka pinepine nā mele mele a Boulez i kahi manaʻo kānalua: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻike lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona "markmark" o ke ʻano o Boulez ma ke ʻano he hoʻopaʻi mele kiʻekiʻe loa, ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana o nā pilina āpau ma ke kū pololei a me ke ākea, maopopo ʻole, wehewehe ʻokoʻa ʻoiai i ka kikokikona paʻakikī. puʻu, me ka mea ʻē aʻe ʻo ke koho ʻana i nā mea mele i kekahi manawa e waiho nui i ka makemake. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa ʻana o "Pelleas et Mélisande", i hana ʻia i ka hopena o 1960s e CBS, he hiʻohiʻona: ke kuleana o Pelléas, i manaʻo ʻia no kahi baritone kiʻekiʻe Farani, ka mea i kapa ʻia he baritone-Martin (ma hope o ka mea mele J.-B. . Martin, 1768 –1837), no kekahi kumu i hāʻawi ʻia i ka mea maʻalahi, akā ʻaʻole i lawa ka stylist i kāna kuleana, dramatic tenor George Shirley. ʻO nā mea mele nui o ka "Ring of the Century" - Gwyneth Jones (Brünnhilde), Donald McIntyre (Wotan), Manfred Jung (Siegfried), Jeannine Altmeyer (Sieglinde), Peter Hoffman (Siegmund) - ua ʻae ʻia, akā ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe: nele lākou i ke kanaka kū hoʻokahi. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i nā protagonists o "Parsifal", i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Bayreuth i 1970 - ʻo James King (Parsifal), ʻo ia McIntyre (Gurnemanz) a me Jones (Kundry). ʻO Teresa Stratas kahi mea hana keaka a me ka mea hoʻokani pila, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻopuka mau i nā paukū coloratura paʻakikī ma Lulu me ka pololei. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomaopopo i ka nani leo a me nā mākau mele o ka poʻe i komo i ka lua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Bartok's "Duke Bluebeard's Castle" i hana ʻia e Boulez - Jesse Norman lāua ʻo Laszlo Polgara (DG 447 040-2; 1994).

Ma mua o ke alakaʻi ʻana iā IRCAM a me ka Entercontamporen Ensemble, ʻo Boulez ka Luna Nui o ka Cleveland Orchestra (1970-1972), ka British Broadcasting Corporation Symphony Orchestra (1971-1974) a me ka New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1971-1977). Me kēia mau pūʻulu, ua hana ʻo ia i kekahi mau leo ​​hoʻopaʻa no CBS, i kēia manawa ʻo Sony Classical, ʻo ka nui o ia mau mea, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonui ʻana, ka waiwai mau. ʻO ka mea mua, pili kēia i nā hōʻiliʻili o nā hana orchestral e Debussy (ma nā disc ʻelua) a me Ravel (ma ʻekolu discs).

I ka wehewehe ʻana o Boulez, ʻo kēia mele, me ka nalowale ʻole o kekahi mea e pili ana i ka lokomaikaʻi, ka palupalu o nā hoʻololi, nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o nā kala timbre, e hōʻike ana i ka transparency kristal a me ka maʻemaʻe o nā laina, a ma kekahi mau wahi pū kekahi indomitable rhythmic kaomi a me ka hanu symphonic ākea. ʻO nā haku mele maoli o ka hana keaka, ʻo ia nā leo o The Wonderful Mandarin, Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra, Five Pieces for Orchestra, Serenade, Schoenberg's Orchestral Variations, a me kekahi mau helu a ke ʻōpio Stravinsky (akā, ʻo Stravinsky ponoʻī. ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu loa i ka hoʻopaʻa mua ʻana o The Rite of Spring, e ʻōlelo ana e like me kēia: "Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ma mua o kaʻu i manaʻo ai, ʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pae kiʻekiʻe o Maestro Boulez"), ʻo Varese's América a me Arcana, nā mele mele a pau a Webern ...

E like me kāna kumu ʻo Hermann Scherchen, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻo Boulez i ka pahu a alakaʻi i ke ʻano hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ke ʻano ʻoihana, ʻo ia - me kona kaulana no ka kākau ʻana i nā helu anu, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, helu makemakika - hānai i ka manaʻo kaulana iā ia ma ke ʻano he mea hana maʻemaʻe. hale kūʻai pahuhopu, mākaukau a hilinaʻi, akā maloʻo (ʻo kāna mau wehewehe like ʻole o ka Impressionists i hoʻohewa ʻia no ka kiʻi nui loa a, no laila, ʻaʻole lawa ka "impressionistic"). ʻAʻole lawa kēlā loiloi i ka nui o ka makana a Boulez. ʻO ia ke alakaʻi o kēia mau mea hoʻokani pila, ʻaʻole i hoʻokani ʻo Boulez iā Wagner a me nā mele o ke kenekulia 4489, akā ʻo Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Liszt… No ka laʻana, ua hoʻokuʻu ka hui Memories i kā Schumann's Scenes mai Faust (HR 90/7), i hana ʻia ma Malaki 1973, 425 ma Lākana me ke komo ʻana o ka BBC Choir and Orchestra a me Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau ma ke poʻo inoa (ma ke ala, koke koke. ma mua o kēia, hoʻokani ka mea mele a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Faust ma ka hui ʻo Decca (705 2-1972; XNUMX) ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Benjamin Britten - ka mea ʻike maoli i ka makahiki iwakālua o kēia hope, ʻaʻohe kūlike i ka maikaʻi, akā ma kekahi mau wahi. mākaʻikaʻi Schumann maikaʻi). ʻAʻole hiki i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ke pale iā mākou mai ka mahalo i ka nani o ka manaʻo a me ka maikaʻi o kāna hoʻokō ʻana; hiki i ka mea hoʻolohe ke lili wale i kēlā poʻe laki i hoʻopau i ka hale ʻahamele i kēlā ahiahi. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o Boulez a me Fischer-Dieskau - nā mea hoʻokani pila, me he mea lā, ʻokoʻa loa i ke ʻano o ke kālena - ʻaʻohe mea e makemake ʻia. ʻO ke ʻano o ka make ʻana o Faust kani i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻeha, a ma nā huaʻōlelo "Verweile doch, du bist so schon" ("Auē, nani ʻoe, e kali iki!" - unuhi ʻia e B. Pasternak), ka hoʻopunipuni. ʻO ka manawa i hoʻomaha ʻia ka mea kupaianaha.

Ma ke ʻano he poʻo o IRCAM a me Ensemble Entercontamporen, ua hoʻolohe maoli ʻo Boulez i nā mele hou loa.

Ma waho aʻe o nā hana a Messiaen a me kāna ponoʻī, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i loko o kāna mau papahana i ka mele a Elliot Carter, György Ligeti, György Kurtág, Harrison Birtwistle, nā mea haku mele ʻōpio o ka pōʻai IRCAM. ʻO ia a ke hoʻomau nei i ka kānalua i ka minimalism fashionable a me ka "maʻalahi hou", e hoʻohālikelike ana iā lākou me nā hale ʻaina meaʻai wikiwiki: "maʻalahi, akā ʻaʻole hoihoi." ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā mele pōhaku no ka primitivism, no ka "nui nui o nā stereotypes a me nā clichés", akā naʻe, ʻike ʻo ia i ka "vitality" olakino; i ka makahiki 1984, ua hoʻopaʻa pū ʻo ia me ka Ensemble Entercontamporen i ka disc "The Perfect Stranger" me nā mele a Frank Zappa (EMI). Ma 1989, ua kau inoa ʻo ia i kahi ʻaelike kūʻokoʻa me Deutsche Grammophon, a ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope mai ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kona kūlana kūlana ma ke ʻano he poʻo o IRCAM e hāʻawi iā ia iho i ka haku mele a me nā hana ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi malihini. Ma Deutsche Grammo-phon, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Boulez i nā hōʻiliʻili hou o nā mele orchestral na Debussy, Ravel, Bartok, Webburn (me Cleveland, Berlin Philharmonic, Chicago Symphony a me London Symphony Orchestras); koe wale no ka maikaʻi o nā hoʻopaʻa leo, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā paʻi CBS mua. ʻO nā moʻolelo koʻikoʻi ka Poem of Ecstasy, ka Piano Concerto a me Prometheus na Scriabin (ʻo Anatoly Ugorsky ka mea hoʻokani pila ma nā hana hope ʻelua); I, IV-VII a me IX symphonies a me Mahler "Song of the Earth"; ʻO nā symphonies a Bruckner VIII a me IX; "Pēlā ʻo Zarathustra" na R. Strauss. Ma Boulez's Mahler, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo kiʻi, ka manaʻo o waho, ma mua o ka ʻōlelo a me ka makemake e hōʻike i ka hohonu metaphysical. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Bruckner's Eighth Symphony, i hana ʻia me Vienna Philharmonic i ka wā hoʻolauleʻa Bruckner i ka makahiki 1996, he nani loa a ʻaʻole i emi iki i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā "Brucknerians" i hānau ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kani hoʻonani, ka nui o nā kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka waiwai nui o nā laina mele, ka huhū i ka scherzo a me ka noʻonoʻo kiʻekiʻe i ka adagio. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole i hana ʻo Boulez i kahi hana mana a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka schematism o ke ʻano o Bruckner, ke aloha ʻole o nā kaʻina a me nā ostinato repetitions. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa maopopo ʻo Boulez i kāna ʻano ʻenemi mua i nā hana "neoclassical" a Stravinsky; ʻO kekahi o kāna mau disc hou loa e pili ana i ka Symphony of Psalms and the Symphony in Three Movements (me ka Berlin Radio Choir a me ka Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra). Ke lana nei ka manaʻolana e hoʻonui ʻia ka laulā o nā makemake o ka haku, a ʻo wai ka mea ʻike, e lohe mau paha mākou i nā hana a Verdi, Puccini, Prokofiev a me Shostakovich i hana ʻia e ia.

Levon Hakopyan, 2001